Tourism Profile in Venice Assignment Example

Essays on Tourism Profile in Venice Assignment The paper â€Å"Tourism Profile in Venice" is a  cogent version of the assignment on tourism. Venice is located in the northern part of Italy. Literature across the board has appraised and expressed the beauty of Venice. This is due to the sensual quality of the city which has been described as the city with streets of water. But truly speaking Venice has increasingly been dominated by tourist, artistic and romantic appropriation over the centuries. In actual fact, tourists have associated the experience of Venice with that of Paris. To them, Venice is natural and provides a glimpse of real life. Venice as a tourist destination is quite the opposite of entertainment. Las Vegas, for instance, was built as an entertainment city but has gradually grown to a dwelling place contrary to Venice whose population has fallen to one third- making it to a city of about 68,000 inhabitants only.Besides artistic and architectural resources, the aquatic nature of Venice further supports its aesth etic appreciation. Unlike other cities, Venice is not surrounded by suburbs but instead is bordered by water. Sea born features such as lagoons are one of the factors that feature the city a tourist choice of destination. The city does not demonstrate plenty of modern technology, unlike other major destination sites. Original buildings in the city were designed in light of the fact that the city is compounded by islands and surrounded by shallow water. Besides that, the onset of technology found the city already polarized with artistic works that could not be ruined as it holds the city’s historical image (Broos 2008).Lack of excessive presence of modernization and disturbing technologies gives the city a sense of wholeness and harmony. The written works around Venice portray two ideologies. First, the city is perceived as a cluster of mass-touristified intrusion, commercial, cultural heritage, architecture, and art. The second ideology conveys the city as a sentimental place flirting with sunset at San Marco and singing Gondoliers. Mass tourism is not a new phenomenon for Venice. It has been a common destination for tourists around the world for hundreds of years. Due to masses of tourists visiting the city each year, many vegetarians have been forced back to the mainland. Overcrowding transport systems and fully packed cafeterias, restaurants and shops are a good indication of the high number of tourists in the city.Although tourism has always been perceived as a cultural intruder, Venice defies this argument considering massive and historical effects the phenomenon has left on Venice. Scholars and researchers maintain that the reason why the city has not experienced the negative effects of tourism is due to its firmness on tourist offers. The city is a museum on its own and thus does not provide many opportunities for people to party. In fact, the majority of the tourist are culturally oriented and educated and commonly referred to as â€Å"beach to urists† by critics of Venice. Art and tourism in Venice are intertwined as art was the major factor that established Venice as a tourism destination site.Venice is essentially a real city where real life is experienced. For instance, it is possible to see clothes hanging on the windows while walking on the streets. Venice has been called ‘the city where fans rule’. Fans of popstars and renowned individuals in the world manifest their idolatry openly by wearing t-shirts and even pasting posters on walls. According to Venetians, the city has the ability to cast a spell on its visitors. Due to its strong cultural affiliation, Venice has managed to lure many of its visitors into its native cultures; not just those with deficient cultural status but cynical thinkers also fall prey.

The Transformation of the American Colonies Essay

From 1763 to 1789 the American Colonies underwent a radical transformation becoming an independent self-governing nation. The British debt accumulated from the French and Indian War brought colonists into conflict with the mother country over a variety of social, political and economic issues. This turmoil pushed the colonials to fight for their independence and develop a government that would counter these problems. With the introduction of the constitution, the American Revolution initiated a radical departure from the America prior to 1763 when it developed unto a revolutionary society. At the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1789, the colonies were free from British rule and a new nation was born. The Articles of†¦show more content†¦As time progressed, these atrocities made the Colonists question their authority. The Battles of Lexington and Concord were used to spur up resentment against the British and incite the revolution. (The Battles of Lexington and Concord) Revolutionaries like Thomas Paine argued that colonies should break free from England. Paine argued that it was unnatural for an island to control an entire continent and compared it to a satellite larger than its primary planet or the Earth orbiting the Moon (Paine). Revolutionaries like this helped push the colonies to fight back and gain their independence. The newly freed colonies drafted the Articles of Confederation based on the political philosophy of republicanism. This was the idea that a government should be controlled by the people and not a monarchy or aristocracy with inherited powers. A large government would lead to tyranny but a weak one would lead to anarchy. The only way republicanism would work is if the people were willing to put the public interest above their own self interest. Even though history has shown a true republic to fail and was only successful on a small scale, Americans viewed themselves as special. Their government wouldnt crumble like the Romans be cause the American people were virtuous enough to defeat the British and support theShow MoreRelatedThe Scratch of a Pen 1763 and the Transformation of North America921 Words   |  4 PagesScratch of a Pen 1763 and the Transformation of North America† Colin G. Galloway Wei Tzu (Kaylin) Wang March 21, 2013 TTH- 12:30PM- 2:30PM Professor Mosby American History could not have written itself without the importance of our founding fathers. The transformation of North America in 1763 was an important year in American History because it was an ending of a long warfare in Europe and America. In the book called â€Å"The Scratch of a Pen 1763 and the transformation of North America†, writtenRead MoreThe Modernization Of The United States895 Words   |  4 Pageselements of modernity in the widespread political participation of the initial decades of colonial settlement, others focus on the economic and demographic diversity of the eighteenth century as their focal point. Contrasting historians insist the American Revolution became the catalyst for permanent change, while still more contend westward expansion and the conclusion of the Civil War mark the time of the United States’ ‘arrival.’ The innate relativism of ‘modernity’ insures from the outset of debateRead MoreBacteria Transformati on in Biotechnology Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Some bacteria are able to go through transformation making new combinations of genes. Transformation is a way of gene variability in bacteria. This experiment is based on the transformation mechanism of bacteria and gene regulation. The bacteria used for the experiment was Escherichia coli and the genes introduces for the transformation were: gfp and bla by a pGLOâ„ ¢ plasmid. After the insertion of the target genes and growing the bacteria on specialized LB media, it could be seen that theRead MoreThe Decline Of The European Empires945 Words   |  4 Pagesimmunity to diseases. While many Americans fell ill because of all of the European diseases, the Europeans did not, enabling them to conquer more land. 2) What large-scale transformations did European empires generate? There were many large-scale transformations that the European empires generated. One of the many examples of the transformations would be the fall of the Native American civilizations. When the Europeans started to build their empire, the Native American population started to fall. AnotherRead MoreSlavery Vs. Indentured Servitude1038 Words   |  5 Pages and more especially Black African children, required ‘domestication’; slavery, it was believed, was best suited to do that. As late as 1710, Native Americans, mostly women and children, made up 25 percent of the slave workforce of the North American colonies. By 1750, West African slaves had mostly replaced Native Americans in the Atlantic colonies. The age and gender of enslaved children of African origin in the New World varied with region and economic prosperity. Large-scale commercial plantationsRead MoreRip Van Winkle, By Washington Irving980 Words   |  4 PagesRip Van Winkle The short story, Rip Van Winkle has journeyed through many years of popularity in American literature. This narrative is eloquently written by Washington Irving, a prolific nineteenth century American writer. The Author sets the story in a village near the Hudson River, along the banks of the Catskill Mountains where Great Britain once held reigns. Irving presents the reader with a story that effectively delivers an abundance of connotations representing the era of its origin. ThroughRead MoreThe Political And Economic Rights Of The African American Slaves1269 Words   |  6 PagesStates and was mainly regulated by the local government.Moreover, the slave possessorslead the nations’ national government. Abolitionism refers to a movement coined in the 18th and 19th centuries that attempted to end the enslavement of the African Americans. The movement was particularly focused on stopping the Atlantic slave trade conductedin the Atlantic Ocean between the Africans, Europeans, an d the Americans.Abolitionism had begunback in the 15thcentury when most of the slaves would kill their mastersRead MoreThe Founding Fathers The Politicians Who Led Colonial Assemblies And Congresses1522 Words   |  7 Pagesdistancing of the American colonists from the British. For the majority of the 18th century, colonial America sprouted shocking ideas of the power of the individual through events like the Great Awakening and Enlightenment, and the emergence of parties such as the Whigs. Meanwhile, they continued to hold close ties to their mother country through imitative actions caused by the mercantilist policies controlling trade and taxes. Although mercantilism imposed by the British brought the colonies and EnglandRead MoreEssay on The Inevitabilty of the American Revolution1720 Words   |  7 Pagesby the permission of King Charles the First. At their own expense they transported themselves to America, and, with great risk and difficulty, settled among other peoples nat ive to the land. In a very surprising manner, the settlers formed new colonies in the wilderness and these establishments grew and prospered. Before they had departed England, the colonists terms of freedom and their relation to the mother country were fully settled; they were to remain subject to the King and dependent onRead MoreInformative Speech On Halloween880 Words   |  4 Pagespurpose: By the end of this speech, the audience shall understand the original purpose and transitions that Halloween has gone through over the course of history. Thesis statement: Today I will share with you the origins, cultural effects and transformation of Halloween throughout history. Introduction: Do you view Halloween as just another tradition made to reward kids? Rather do you enjoy the time of celebration yourself? You may have based some of these opinions on what Halloween represents

Leadership and Responsibility Free Samples -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Explain about Leadership and Responsibility. Answer: Introduction I have seen that various people have various habits and some of them are unique to them. Habits of people are influenced by various factors. These factors range from social, cultural, legislative, environmental, business and others (Besieux et al. 2015). It is seen that habits are the behaviours that occur subconsciously in people and this is a routine behaviour for them, which occurs repeatedly (Walker 2014). Habits are developed by people based on the imagination, environmental factors, their character traits, communication, synergize and utilising the greatest assets one posses (Nowell et al. 2016). The book, Stephen Coveys The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People gives me an idea about all these factors that influence the habit of the people. There seven habits are given in this textbook and I will explore these factors in context of my experience and interest. In this assignment, I will give my views of agreement and disagreement and the values of the habits in personal and professional life. Discussion Habit 1: This habit indicates the nature of a person. According to the book, I have seen it states life of a person is designed by him and his choices. Everything in life cannot just happen (Kalshoven et al. 2013). The happiness, decisiveness, ambivalence, success that happens in our life are all by our choices. However, I disagree in this context. This is because; we do not choose success, happiness, decisiveness, or ambivalence. Situation leads to this type of choices. We experience different types of incidents throughout our life (Sugrue 2015). These incidents lead to choice of the decision and it becomes a habit of the peoples to have a similar choice under the same situation in the near future. There are two kinds of people, proactive and reactive. I agree to this fact as I have seen in my personal life and professional life that some people reject easy tasks stating that I can't, I have to, if only and other negative views (Nemerowicz and Rossi 2014). They are the reactive people who ch oose the option to be reactive. Some people like to take up challenges and they prefer the language of I can, I have, I will and so on (Kalshoven et al. 2013). They focus on their given job and utilize their time to have a productive output from the job. In my workplace and personal, I have found both the proactive and reactive people. The former one was found to focus on the issues they can mend and put on their effort on their circle of influence, while the later one focuses mainly on the problems that cannot be mended, as they have no control over them (Chenoweth and Theokas 2013). Habit 2: The author had mentioned about the habit of imagination in the second habit that leads to effectiveness of the people. He had said that everything is created twice, first is the mental creation and the second is the physical creation. The power of imagination leads to the success of physical creation (Besieux et al. 2015). I completely agree to this fact as anything, which is well imagined and planned, is already half done. Imagining and planning a situation gives us an idea about the path of success of the work. Following this path would show us the light of success and it would be highly effective to perform the task. I have seen that highly effective people first frame put their plans and based on this imagination, they proceed to reach to their success (Kalshoven et al. 2013). This also helps us to focus on our goals and give a reality to our ideas that we think of. I have seen that in my professional life, the things, which I had planned and imagined first after getting the assi gnment, had worked out well than the unplanned ones. Thus, having a blue print of the work we will perform will always give us better guidelines to perform our work and succeed in it. The people, who have this habit of imagination, succeed more than the people who lack this habit. Habit 3: This habit is defined as the physical creation that comes after the nature of a person and the imaginations and plans about the works to be done. We come across various types of works, which are equally important at a point of time. However, we need to prioritize the importance and proceed with the tasks accordingly (Nowell et al. 2016). Giving proper priority to the proper works is a healthy habit for any person to be highly effective. It is important for us to live a healthy and balanced lifestyle. This essential will be provoked by the adapting to the habit of recognising the right task at right time and not by overextending ourselves (Eden 2013). This also promotes time management and organising the work as per our personal priorities that we have imagined and planed according to our habits (Nemerowicz and Rossi 2014). I have seen at my workplace and in personal life that people who can prioritise their work and give priority to the things that they find is worthy, comes out to b e highly effective people (Besieux et al. 2015). They succeed in their life and hardly face any hindrance to complete their work within the allocated time. Thus, the habit of putting the first thing at first place is an effective habit, which would help us to reach our goals within the given time with ease and minimal effort. Habit 4: This habit of effective people shows the positive attitude of the person towards success. In this habit it is seen that the person thinks about the mutual benefit of all those who are involved in the project. He does not think of getting the lions share of the profit for himself or prays for the loss of his competitor (Besieux et al. 2015). I have seen that the people with these types of habits are matured, have abundance mentality and they stick to their true feelings. I agree to this fact about the people having the habit of think win-win (Horton 2013). They think about the well being and profit of all the people surrounding them and do not have the mentality of failing someone in order to gain success. I have found these people are broad minded and they have the feelings of courage and consideration for others. They help others to reach their goals and encourage them to succeed (Kalshoven et al. 2013). This in turn turns beneficial for them as they gain support and trust of other people, who also helps him to climb the ladder of success and be effective (Dubrin 2015). Thus, this habit is an important habit for any person to be successful and they have the essence of maturity by providing a balance between courage and consideration. Habit 5: This habit is an important habit for a person to be highly effective person. The habit of listening to other people and understanding them is an important habit of a person that helps him to bond with other persons. We live in a world where rat race has become an important criterion for survival (Du et al. 2015). We have minimal time for others and we remain busy to utilise the available time to improve ourselves. However, this leads us to lose the trust and concern of many people as we do not listen to them and we could not interpret their problems correctly to help them out. Thus, the habit of understanding people first and then demand others to understand ourselves is an important habit in order to gain success in life. We sometimes, though listen to others, but interpret them in our own perspective (Nowell et al. 2016). We tend to listen autobiographically and respond to them either evaluating or probing or advising or interpreting. This habits leads to misinterpretation of the p roblems and the solution comes out to be a different one (Chenoweth and Theokas 2013). Thus, the habit of listening to others minutely and carefully is important in order to gain the trust of others and get their help when needed. I agree that the habit of skilled communication is very important to achieve the title of highly effective people (Nowell et al. 2016). The habit of proper communication leads to judging the person correctly, interrogate them in their frame of reference, give them advice and solution according to their problems and motivate them as they need. This habit of skilful communication is important to build a high level of trust in our relationship and not to have a autobiographic respond for any problems (Ciulla 2014). Thus, communication is an important habit that enhances the effectiveness of any person in both personal and professional front (Kalshoven et al. 2013). Habit 6: The habit of synergy is another important habit for a person to be highly effective in life. This habit aims to the concept of teamwork where the more the number of heads for a work, the better would be the work. Performing any teamwork adds zest to life and it helps to solve the problems easily. The habit of performing teamwork for any project helps to give better ideas to the problem (Besieux et al. 2015). This leads to better solution of the problem and it helps in time management. However, the habit of synergy does not happen on its own. This habit develops in people if they are broad minded and they value the mental, emotional and psychological differences of their team members. This difference of the characteristics of the team members must be seen as the strength of the team and not its weakness (Kalshoven et al. 2013). I have come across various situations in both personal and professional front where teamwork proved to be an effective solution to the problems. I came across various problems in life where there were cost constraints and time constraints. These constraints had made the job further difficult. Teamwork came to the rescue of this problem (Nowell et al. 2016). I gained new experiences and they gained new insight. Teamwork lead to increase in new approaches and this eventually solved our problems with ease. Thus, the habit of synergize is an important part of highly effective people and this helps to explore new ideas and experience new methods of problem solving. Habit 7: The habit of sharpen the saw is an important habit in order to be successful in life. This habit aims to renew oneself and have a balanced programme in life in context of physical, social, mental and spiritual aspect. Relaxation and self-renewal is needed in order to regain the energy to perform well. This habit helps to take up challenges and increase the capacity to produce and handle these challenges (Barna 2013). I agree with this habit of sharpen the saw as feeling good is an important aspect to perform well in both the personal and professional front. Pampering oneself mentally and physically is important for relaxation (Chenoweth and Theokas 2013). We need to revitalize ourselves in order to perform better in our work and avail the new opportunities that we get every day. Conclusion It is seen that there are various habits that are performed by different people under various situations. These habits develops which a person faces similar situation under same circumstances and it leads to the solution of the problem. Habits are performed unintentionally. The book reveals about seven different habits of people and these habits are found to be true in my real life. These habits are highly effective for a person to be successful in his life. The habit of good communication, performing teamwork, being a proactive person in life, framing a plan to perform the work and work according to the plan are important criteria for a person to succeed in life. The habit of positive thinking and the habit of having a balance in life are also important for a effective and successful life. Reference Barna, G., 2013.The power of team leadership: Achieving success through shared responsibility. Waterbrook Press. Besieux, T., Baillien, E., Verbeke, A.L. and Euwema, M.C., 2015. What goes around comes around: The mediation of corporate social responsibility in the relationship between transformational leadership and employee engagement.Economic and Industrial Democracy, p.0143831X15614914. Chenoweth, K. and Theokas, C., 2013. How High-Poverty Schools Are Getting It Done.Educational leadership,70(7), pp.56-59. Ciulla, J.B. ed., 2014.Ethics, the heart of leadership. ABC-CLIO. Du, S., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A. and Sen, S., 2013. The roles of leadership styles in corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,114(1), pp.155-169. Dubrin, A., 2015.Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Eden, D., 2013. Pygmalion Training Made Effective: Greater Mastery Through Augmentation of Self-Efficacy and Means Efficacy** This article is based on the thesis submitted by Roni Sulimani as part of the requirements for his masters degree in organizational behavior at Tel Aviv Universitys Faculty of Management. Dov Eden served as thesis advisor. The Lilly and Alejandro Saltiel Chair in Corporate Leadership and Social Responsibility and the Israel Institute of Business Research supported part of Dov Edens work on ....Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition (Monographs in Leadership and Management, Volume 5) Emerald Group Publishing Limited,5, pp.337-358. Horton, E.S., 2015, November. Leadership in Nursing Education: The Development of a University-Based, Interprofessional, Chronic Wound Clinic Model that Provides Clinical Leadership, Evidence-Based Healthcare and Excellence in Clinical Education. In43rd Biennial Convention (07 November-11 November 2015). STTI. Kalshoven, K., Den Hartog, D.N. and de Hoogh, A.H., 2013. Ethical leadership and followers' helping and initiative: The role of demonstrated responsibility and job autonomy.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,22(2), pp.165-181 Nemerowicz, G. and Rossi, E. eds., 2014.Education for leadership and social responsibility. Routledge. Nowell, B., Izod, A.M., Ngaruiya, K.M. and Boyd, N.M., 2016. Public Service Motivation and Sense of Community Responsibility: Comparing Two Motivational Constructs in Understanding Leadership Within Community Collaboratives.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, p.muv048. Sugrue, C., 2015. PerformingLeadership: Professional Responsibility in a Climate of Accountability. InUnmasking School Leadership(pp. 201-225). Springer Netherlands. Walker, J.W., 2014. Mississippi library leadership institute: An overview.Mississippi Libraries,77(3). Wu, L.Z., Kwan, H.K., Yim, F.H.K., Chiu, R.K. and He, X., 2015. CEO ethical leadership and corporate social responsibility: A moderated mediation model.Journal of Business Ethics,130(4), pp.819-831.

Irish, German, and British Immigrants Essay Example

Irish, German, and British Immigrants Paper Chris Vaughan APUSH Mr. Osborn 11/12/11 Irish, German, and British Settlers Within the period of 1830 to 1860, the experiences of immigrants from Ireland, Britain, and Germany held many similarities in their motivations for migration, with numerous differences found in their interactions with American society, and their respective associations with the economy of the United States of America. This time period signified the largest migration of nationalities in the history of the United States, with its results still being noticeable today. There are immediate similarities that are drawn from the motivation of Irish, British, and German immigrants within the period of 1830 to 1860. The first similarities are found when comparing the earlier group of Irish migrants, to those of some of the minor sections of British and German immigrants. Within the 1830s, those who came from Ireland had resources and skills that they desired to bring to America, or more specifically its world-renowned port cities, in order to better their economic well-being. Many German and British immigrants, such as those who were artisans, merchants, and professionals, also went to the cities of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Boston. Further similarities are seen when comparing the Irish settlers after the potato famine of the 1840s, to those immigrants from Britain and Germany who were focused on agriculture. The most obvious similarity that can be derived from this situation is that all three of the groups are being influenced by geography. While the Irish were forced to leave their country to survive, the Germans and British were attracted to prospective lands in the Old Northwest, and Texas. We will write a custom essay sample on Irish, German, and British Immigrants specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Irish, German, and British Immigrants specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Irish, German, and British Immigrants specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The final conceptual similarity found for the motivations of these three nationalities’ exoduses to North America is displayed in their role, or lack there of, in their original countries economies. During the 1840s, the Irish immigrants were mainly comprised of the less skillful members of society. They were poor, in search of a better life. Similarly, the Germans who migrated, depending on their trade, also wished to improve their economic status. Finally, the British, who originally occupied the New England textile mills, migrated due to economic fluctuations. Although their economic motivations for migration may have been similar, the association that each of these groups had with the American Economy had many differences, specific to each of their group’s situations. As the Irish were seen as America’s first refugee population, they were, for the most part, discriminated against in their quest for employment. As a result, they were confined to work in the port cities of New York, Boston, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Charleston, responsible mostly for canals, harbors, and textile mills. In contrast, the English and German were able to migrate based on their individual needs. If a German or British immigrant were skilled workers, professionals, merchants, or artisans, they would be able to find work in the port cities. However, if they were more agriculturally focused, they would also find opportunity in the West, allowing for more economic freedom. The Germans did, however, find economic similarities with the Irish, in that they lacked in influence for the American economy and political system. The British found this economic good fortune because they were seen as economic assets, which also influenced their social interactions with Americans. Like their economic impacts, the social interactions of the Irish, German, and British settlers also had many differences. As the British were seen as economic assets, they were met with little hostility in their associations with Americans. In addition to this socio-economic connection, the Americans also saw the British as tangible representations of the roots of American culture. Since they had gained their independence from Britain, the current citizens saw the immigrants almost as authentic pre-revolutionary portrayals of America. On the opposite side of the spectrum, the newly entering Irish and Germans had to assimilate themselves into American culture. The Irish were met with much hostility, as they had to compete with current unemployed free blacks, and were seen as freeloading off American soil. The Irish thus had to work to bring their culture in, through the creation of churches, and schools. The Germans became more self reliant, creating their own societies. Their innovations, including educational and religious institutions, along with newspapers and beer gardens, survived through the ages. When the British attempted to do the same, they would die out gradually, displaying their reliance on American society. The experiences of Irish, German, and British immigrants can be easily compared in their motivations for moving their nationalities, and clearly contrasted in their economic and social associations with the United States of America. Their migration, whether through their innovations, their sufferings, or their successes, still influences American life as it is today. America is now known as a melting pot of different nationalities, which can for the most part be credited to the Irish, British, and Germanic migrations of 1830 to 1860.

How to Land Your First Teaching Job

How to Land Your First Teaching Job Landing your first teaching job is not easy. It takes time, hard work and a lot of patience. Before you hit the ground running make sure you have the appropriate degree and credentials for the position you are applying for. Once thats all in order, follow these tips to help you get that dream job. Step 1: Create a Cover Letter Resumes have always been the most important piece of getting an employers attention. But when an employer has a stack of resumes to look through, how do you think yours will stand out? That is why a cover letter is essential to attach to your resume. It makes it easy for an employer to see if they even want to read your resume. It’s important to tailor your cover letter to the specific job you are applying for. Your cover letter should highlight your accomplishments and explain things that your resume cannot. If you have a special teaching certificate this is where you can add that. Make sure that you request an interview at the end of the cover letter; this will show them that you are determined to get that job. Step 2: Create Your Resume A well written, error-free resume will not only grab the attention of the prospective employer, but it will show them that you are a qualified contender for the job. A teacher resume should include identification, certification, teaching experience, related experience, professional development and related skills. You can add extras like activities, memberships, career objective or special honors and awards you received if you wish. Some employers look for certain teacher buzz words to see if you are in the loop. These words can include cooperative learning, hands-on learning, balanced literacy, discovery-based learning, Blooms Taxonomy, integrating technology, collaboration and facilitate learning. If you use these words in your resume and interview, it will show that you know what you are on top of issues in the education field. Step 3: Organize Your Portfolio A professional teaching portfolio is a great way to introduce your skills and achievements in a hands-on, tangible way. Its a way to showcase your best work to prospective employers beyond a simple resume. Nowadays its an essential component of the interview process. If you want to land a job in the education field, make sure you learn how to create and use a teaching portfolio. Step 4: Get Strong Letters of Recommendation For every teaching application you fill out, you will have to provide several letters of recommendation. These letters should be from professionals that have seen you in the education field, not from a family member or friend. The professionals you should ask can be your cooperating teacher, former education professor or instructor from student teaching. If you are in need of additional references you can ask a daycare or camp that you worked at. Make sure that these references are strong, if you think they do not do you justice, don’t use them. Step 5: Be Visible by Volunteering Volunteering for the school district you want to get a job in is the best way to be visible. Ask the administration if you can help out in the lunch room (schools can always use extra hands here) the library or even in a classroom that needs extra help. Even if it is only once a week it still is a great way to show the staff that you really want to be there and are making an effort. Step 6: Start Subbing in the District One of the best ways to get the attention of other teachers and the administration is to substitute in the district that you want to teach in. Student teaching is the perfect opportunity for you to get to your name out there and get to know the staff. Then, once you graduate you can apply to be a substitute in that school district and all the teachers that you networked with will call you to substitute for them. Tip: Make yourself a business card with your credentials and leave it on the desk of the teacher you subbed for and in the teachers lounge. Step 7: Get a Specialized Certification If you really want to stand out above the rest of the crowd then you should acquire a specialized teaching certification. This credential will show the prospective employer that you have a variety of skills and experience for the job. Employers will like that your knowledge will help enhance students learning. It also gives you the opportunity to apply for a variety of teaching jobs, not just one specific job. Now you are ready to learn how to ace your first teaching interview!

Samuel Johnsons Dictionary of the English Language

Samuel Johnsons Dictionary of the English Language On April 15, 1755, Samuel Johnson published his two-volume Dictionary of the English Language. It wasnt the first English dictionary (more than 20 had appeared over the preceding two centuries), but in many ways, it was the most remarkable. As modern lexicographer Robert Burchfield has observed, In the whole tradition of English language and literature the only dictionary compiled by a writer of the first rank is that of Dr. Johnson. Unsuccessful as a schoolmaster in his hometown of Lichfield, Staffordshire (the few students he had were put off by his oddities of manner and uncouth gesticulationsmost likely the effects of Tourette syndrome), Johnson moved to London in 1737 to make a living as an author and editor. After a decade spent writing for magazines and struggling with debt, he accepted an invitation from bookseller Robert Dodsley to compile a definitive dictionary of the English language. Dodsley solicited the patronage of the Earl of Chesterfield, offered to publicize the dictionary in his various periodicals, and agreed to pay Johnson the considerable sum of 1,500 guineas in installments. What should every logophile know about Johnsons Dictionary? Here are a few starting points. Johnson's Ambitions In his Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language, published in August 1747, Johnson announced his ambition to rationalize spellings, trace etymologies, offer guidance on pronunciation, and preserve the purity, and ascertain the meaning of our English idiom. Preservation and standardization were primary goals: [O]ne great end of this undertaking, Johnson wrote, is to fix the English language.As Henry Hitchings notes in his book Defining the World (2006), With time, Johnsons conservatism- the desire to fix the language- gave way to a radical awareness of languages mutability. But from the outset, the impulse to standardize and straighten English out was in competition with the belief that one should chronicle whats there, and not just what one would like to see. Johnson's Labors In other European countries around this time, dictionaries had been assembled by large committees. The 40 immortals who made up the Acadà ©mie franà §aise took 55 years to produce their French  Dictionnaire. The Florentine Accademia della Crusca labored 30 years on its Vocabolario. In contrast, working with just six assistants (and never more than four at a time), Johnson completed his dictionary in about eight years. Unabridged and Abridged Editions Weighing in at roughly 20 pounds, the first edition of Johnsons Dictionary ran to 2,300 pages and contained 42,773 entries. Extravagantly priced at 4 pounds, 10 shillings, it sold only a few thousand copies in its first decade. Far more successful was the 10-shilling abridged version published in 1756, which was superseded in the 1790s by a best-selling miniature version (the equivalent of a modern paperback). Its this miniature edition of Johnsons Dictionary that Becky Sharpe tossed out of a carriage window in Thackerays Vanity Fair (1847). The Quotations Johnsons most significant innovation was to include quotations (well over 100,000 of them from more than 500 authors) to illustrate the words he defined as well as provide tidbits of wisdom along the way. Textual accuracy, it appears, was never a major concern: if a quotation lacked felicity or didnt quite serve Johnsons purpose, hed alter it. The Definitions The most commonly cited definitions in Johnsons Dictionary tend to be quirky and polysyllabic: rust is defined as the red desquamation of old iron; cough is a convulsion of the lungs, vellicated by some sharp serosity; network is any thing reticulated or decussated, at equal distances, with interstices between the intersections. In truth, many of Johnsons definitions are admirably straightforward and succinct. Rant, for instance, is defined as high sounding language unsupported by dignity of thought, and hope is an expectation indulged with pleasure. Rude Words Though Johnson omitted certain words for reasons of propriety, he did admit a number of vulgar phrases, including  bum, fart, piss, and turd. (When Johnson was complimented by two ladies for having left out naughty words, he is alleged to have replied, What, my dears! Then you have been looking for them?) He also provided a delightful selection of verbal curios (such as belly-god, one who makes a god of his belly, and amatorculist, a little insignificant lover) as well as insults, including fopdoodle (a fool; an insignificant wretch), bedpresser (a heavy lazy fellow), and pricklouse (a word of contempt for a tailor). Barbarisms Johnson didnt hesitate to pass judgment on words he considered socially unacceptable. On his list of  barbarisms were such familiar words as budge, con, gambler, ignoramus, shabby, trait, and volunteer (used as a verb). And Johnson could be opinionated in other ways, as in his famous (though not original) definition of oats: a grain, which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people. Meanings Not surprisingly, some of the words in Johnsons Dictionary have undergone a change in meaning since the 18th century. For example, in Johnsons time a cruise was a small cup, a high-flier was someone who carries his opinions to extravagance, a recipe was a medical prescription, and a urinator was a diver; one who searches under water. Lessons Learned In the preface to A Dictionary of the English Language, Johnson acknowledged that his optimistic plan to fix the language had been thwarted by the ever-changing nature of language itself: Those who have been persuaded to think well of my design, require that it should fix our language, and put a stop to those alterations which time and chance have hitherto been suffered to make in it without opposition. With this consequence I will confess that I flattered myself for a while; but now begin to fear that I have indulged expectation which neither reason nor experience can justify. When we see men grow old and die at a certain time one after another, from century to century, we laugh at the elixir that promises to prolong life to a thousand years; and with equal justice may the lexicographer be derided, who being able to produce no example of a nation that has preserved their words and phrases from mutability, shall imagine that his dictionary can embalm his language, and secure it from corruption and decay, that it is in his power to change sublunary nature, or clear the world at once from folly, vanity, and affectation. Ultimately Johnson concluded that his early aspirations reflected the dreams of a poet doomed at last to wake a lexicographer. But of course Samuel Johnson was more than a dictionary maker; he was, as Burchfield noted, a writer and editor of the first rank. Among his other notable works are a travel book, A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland; an eight-volume edition of The Plays of William Shakespeare; the fable Rasselas (written in a week to help pay his mothers medical expenses); The Lives of the English Poets; and hundreds of essays and poems. Nonetheless, Johnsons Dictionary stands as an enduring achievement. More than any other dictionary, Hitching says, it abounds with stories, arcane information, home truths, snippets of trivia, and lost myths. It is, in short, a treasure house. Fortunately, we can now visit this treasure house online. Graduate student Brandi Besalke has begun uploading a searchable version of the first edition of Johnsons Dictionary at johnsonsdictionaryonline.com. Also, the sixth edition (1785) is available in a variety of formats at the Internet Archive. To learn more about Samuel Johnson and his Dictionary, pick up a copy of Defining the World: The Extraordinary Story of Dr. Johnsons Dictionary by Henry Hitchings (Picador, 2006). Other books of interest include Jonathon Greens Chasing the Sun: Dictionary Makers and the Dictionaries They Made (Henry Holt, 1996); The Making of Johnsons Dictionary, 1746-1773 by Allen Reddick (Cambridge University Press, 1990); and Samuel Johnson: A Life by David Nokes (Henry Holt, 2009).

Healthcare Model Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Healthcare Model Presentation - Essay Example The inequality in the Mexican healthcare is being felt in two folds. The first aspect of the inequality is the urban-to-rural inequality, where the population in the urban areas of the country has a better healthcare access, compared to those living in the rural areas (Garman, Johnson & Royer, 2011). The other aspect of the inequality in the Mexican healthcare system occurs in the form of the rich-to-poor healthcare access inequality, where the rich are better placed to access both high quality and also affordable healthcare services, compared to the poor, whose access to healthcare is hindered by both cost and distance to healthcare service facilities (Ruelas, 2002). Therefore, in addressing the inequality in the Mexican healthcare, both aspects of the rural-urban coverage as well as the rich-poor healthcare disparity are the core issues that must be resolved. Problem statement Healthcare services provision has greatly advanced over the decades in Mexico. Consequently, statistics ha ve shown that the mortality rate has declined, while the birth rate and the life expectancy rates have greatly improved, from a mere life expectancy of 42 years in 1940, to the current 73 years by 2012 (Barraza-Llorens, Panopoulou & Diaz, 2013). While this is a notable achievement of the healthcare system in Mexico, further statistics have emerged to the effect that, 52% of the Mexican population finances their healthcare services out of their pocket (Johnson & Stoskopf, 2010). This notwithstanding, even the very poor population, especially in the rural areas and the informal settlements around the city prefers to go for the private healthcare provider services, not because the quality of the healthcare is poor, but because the accessibility of such healthcare facilities, especially regarding their locations have left the poor without a choice, but to go for the private services (Barraza-Llorens et al., 2002). This scenario is in sharp contrast with the situation in the urban areas, which are populated by the middle-and the high-class population, where the access to public healthcare services is easily accessible, owing to strategic locations of such facilities within the urban rich regions. Therefore, while the government is striving towards ensuring that the whole of its population is either covered by the public or the private healthcare practice, it has not been able to address the issues of urban-rural, and the rich-poor health inequalities (Ruelas, 2002). Purpose statement Effective assessment of the success of the healthcare system should be based on both the quality of the healthcare services provided, as well as on the burden of paying for such services that is borne by the patients (Barraza-Llorens, Panopoulou & Diaz, 2013). The healthcare system in Mexico is especially problematic in some of the employment sectors, where some employees are covered by a duo-system of both private and public healthcare services, while the other category is uncovered. Further, the distribution of the public

Philosophy (Theory of knowledge) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Philosophy (Theory of knowledge) - Essay Example First, reason is an objective and powerful decision tool for any body in any areas of life. As written by several authors, I believe that reason is a way of knowing what is right and wrong; what is true and not true; what is valid and not valid; and what is good and bad. As such, anybody could be guided in what to do by reasoning. For example, the decision to help others in need might be both good and bad. Taking for instance the giving of help to a sick person who is hungry. Giving the food asked is good because it will fill his hunger but this could be bad if the kind of food, the time of giving, and the way the food is to be taken are not in accordance with the doctor’s prescription. The reason(s) to help will assist the person in appropriately deciding whether to give or not the food, and if the person should give, what kind of food; when should the food be given; and in what manner should the food be taken. Likewise, in rearing a child, the decision whether to punish or n ot is based on the parents’ motives and manners of discipline which consist of reasons. Further, the decision of going to school and performing best is arrived if a person desires to prepare for the future. Hence, one can manage a better life by advantageously using reason as a guide in decision making. Second, reason is a clear or open inference to support claims and this is so because it is based on facts. Koukl says â€Å"we draw inferences based on cause and effect, or we draw conclusions by employing the laws of rationality.†1 Along this notion, Koukl cited the example that â€Å"square circles can not exist† to emphasize the law of non-contradiction. Consequently, genuine fact is tantamount to certainty which leads to a conclusion that can not be contradicted. For example, in claiming for

The significance of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Essay Example for Free

The significance of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Essay The significance of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The class action Brown v. Board of Education is recognized as one of the greatest decision in the twentieth century by the Supreme Court. This court held unanimously that racial discrimination of kids in public schools desecrated the Equal protection clause in the constitution. Even though the decision was not successful in United States in completely desegregating public education, it incited the civil rights movement which was emerging into a popular revolution and also succeeded in putting constitution on the side of the racial equality. Many regions of United States had numerous segregated schools in 1954 and this was made legal in plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 where it was held that isolated public facilities were constitutional provided that white and black facilities were â€Å"equal† to each other. But, by mid-twentieth century the civil rights groups established political and legal challenges to racial discrimination. In early 1950’s some class lawsuits were initiated as a way of seeking court orders to oblige school districts to allow black students to attend white public schools. Brown v. Board of education case was one of the class actions which were initiated against the Topeka. In this case Brown argued that Topeka’s racial discrimination violated the clause of equal protection of United States constitution. This decision by the Supreme Court declared discrimination in the educational facilities was unconstitutional. Supreme Court through this decision ended the notion that â€Å"separa te† could be termed as being â€Å"equal† (Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_brown.html). How did the Tet Offensive change American public opinion about the war in Vietnam?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Tet offensive which was televised in the United States nightly surprised a lot of Americans who had the idea previously of United States easily taking care of the enemy. United States forces pushed the Vietnamese forces back where they eventually caused huge casualties on them however the effect of fighting on United States public opinion was very huge(Retrieved May 6, 2014, from http://www.cliffsnotes.com/cliffsnotes/history/how-did-the-tet-offensive-affect-public-opinion-about-the-vietnam-war). Briefly describe the factors that brought an end to the Cold War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cold war came to an end since a reformist faction of the communist party came to power in the USSR with Andropov, and then again with Gorbachev, since the old-guard, and just plain old, soviet leaders kept dying. Gorbachev from a younger generation had a much more critical attitude towards the UUSR and was much more educated, intelligent, worldly and open-minded than any other previous leader who is more than Reagan too. There was, however, one other group responsible for the end of the cold war: the individuals of the USSR and Eastern Europe who protests and organized at great personal risks. Their protests and Gorbachev’s acceptance of their roles brought about the end of the cold war not United States arms deployment which may have delayed the whole process (Retrieved May 6, 2014, from http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_events_started_and_ended_the_Cold_War?#slide=28). Briefly describe the reason the Clinton administration embraced NAFTA and the WTO and why the WTO was such a controversial organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clinton’s administration was aimed at curbing international and domestic terrorism. Clinton administration efforts were aimed at rewarding those who worked. WTO is a basic international body which is aimed at assisting in the free trade. Controversy has faced WTO where it has been hijacked through county interests therefore worsening the lot of poor, intense criticism and inviting protest (Retrieved May 6, 2014, from http://www.globalissues.org/article/42/the-wto-and-free-trade). References How did the Tet Offensive affect public opinion about the Vietnam War?. (n.d.). How did the Tet Offensive affect public opinion about the Vietnam War?. Retrieved May 6, 2014, from http://www.cliffsnotes.com/cliffsnotes/history/how-did-the-tet-offensive-affect-public-opinion-about-the-vietnam-war The WTO and Free Trade. (n.d.). Global Issues. Retrieved May 6, 2014, from http://www.globalissues.org/article/42/the-wto-and-free-trade What events started and ended the Cold War?. (n.d.). WikiAnswers. Retrieved May 6, 2014, fromhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_events_started_and_ended_the_Cold_War?#slide=28 supreme court. (n.d.). PBS. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_brown.html Source document

Carl Gustav Jung and the Buddhist Mandala Essay -- Buddhism Religion P

Carl Gustav Jung and the Buddhist Mandala A one-time disciple of Sigmund Freud's, Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) is credited with contributing significantly to the burgeoning field of psychotherapy by formulating some of the first ideas regarding dream analysis, psychological complexes and archetypes (paradigmatic images or instinctive impulses to action). As part of his search for universal keys to the human psyche, Jung also studied and wrote numerous commentaries throughout his career on Eastern religious texts and practices. His reading of Buddhism however, is fundamentally faulted as evidenced by his misunderstanding and misrepresentation of mandala symbolism. Originally, Buddhist mandalas1 aide-mà ©moires that helped meditators keep focussed during long elaborate visualizations. They were two-dimensional circumscribed square floor plans that represented three-dimensional palatial constructions. Each mandala palace was equated in meditation with the psycho-spatial complex of the meditator himself, so that any Buddha or2 depicted within his projected self-construction was understood to be a personification of his own enlightenment potential. The meditator would then mentally circumambulate his own palatial self-projection and consciously identify himself with the palace's (i.e. with his own) resident bodhisattvas. After effecting this transformative deity yoga, the meditator would then dissolve the entire edifice into emptiness. He thereby constructed, transformed and dissolved his own psycho-physical complex into the empty nature of Buddhahood. According to Carl Jung however, mandalas expressed the deep-seated universal archetype of the completely whole Self which balanced and integrated its conscious and uncon... ...n Buddhist Insight Meditation." The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 20.1 (1988): 61-69. Jung, Carl Gustav. "Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious." Collect gen Series, 1978. Originally published in 1935 as "Psychologischer Kommentar zum Bardo Thodol." Das Tibetanische Totenbuch. Russel, Elbert W. "Consciousness and the Unconscious: Eastern Meditative And Western Psychotherapeutic Approaches." The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology18.1 (1986): 51-72. Waldron, William. "A Comparison of the Alayavijnana with Freud's and Jung's Theories of the Unconscious." Annual Memoirs of the Otani University Shin Buddhist Comprehensive Research Institute 6 (1988): 109-150. Wayman, Alex. "Contributions on the Symbolism of the Mandala Palace." Etudes Tibetaines, Dedià ©es à   la Mà ©moire de Marcelle Lalou. Paris: Librairie d'Amerique et d'Orient, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1971.

Diseases and Conditions of the Endocrine System Essay

Assignment: For each scenario that follows, explain how and why you would schedule an appointment or suggest a referral based on the patient’s reported symptoms. Be sure to first review the â€Å"Guidelines for Patient-Screening Exercises† found on page iii in the Introduction section of your Workbook. 1. A male patient calls for an appointment. He reports experiencing the sudden onset of excessive thirst and urination. He says that he is thirsty all the time and cannot seem to get enough to drink. How do you respond to this phone call? 2. A female patient calls the office and says she thinks she has swelling in her neck and is beginning to experience difficulty swallowing. How do you respond to this phone call? 3. An individual calls the office stating he is experiencing periods of rapid heartbeat and palpitations, insomnia, nervousness, and excitability. He states that despite excessive appetite and food ingestion, he is losing weight. How do you respond to this call? 4. A woman calls the office stating that her husband, who has been diagnosed with diabetes, is experiencing excessive thirst, nausea, drowsiness, and abdominal pain. She just noticed a fruity odor on his breath. She wants to know what to do. How do you respond to this call? 5. A patient calls the office saying she has started experiencing weight loss, excessive thirst, excessive hunger, and frequent urination. She also tells you her mother and aunt have diabetes. She says she just does not feel right. How do you respond to this call?

Economic development in poor countries Essay

Seen by some as the greatest opportunity to enlarge the free market or by others as the greatest danger that humanity has ever encounter, the problem of globalization has urged the great spirits of humanity to debate its impact upon the entire human community. For the super-powers of the world globalization is a well-known and acceptable phenomenon. It could be because the economy of the G8 has been statistically improved since we are all one. Anyhow, all the rich and average countries of the world start to embrace and lead a strong propaganda in favor of it. What about the poor countries that are not entitled to an opinion about the invasion of their countries? The impact of globalization in these countries can be irreversible and determinant for their future. The first major impact is evidently the economical one. For the industry and the internal market, globalization could mean a total freezing of any chance to survive on the free market. Obviously the products from the developed countries tend to be of a better quality and the prices are often smaller than the national brands. This is a double blade possibility. Either the economy of the poor countries will collapse and will be destroyed forever, or there is the chance that the main national producers would start introducing the necessary quality into their products. Anyhow at first, the national economy will suffer and the poor countries will become poorer than before. On the other hand, the second-hand products have full access to these countries. They may seem to be a good thing, especially because the people do not have the possibility to afford new goods, like cars, electronic gadgets and even clothes. As everything is free to merchandise, there is the risk of becoming ‘junk’ country that can be used as a garbage bin for the products unusable in more developed countries. Anyhow the less developed countries should be careful about anything that gets in. Even if the tendency is to accept all the things that come from the rich countries, there must be prudency and conscious choice. We must admit that it is very hard to choose what to adopt when the general tendency is to promote globalization. Each country must analyze its economical situation to see if it is compatible enough. One way or the other, they will have to cope with any situation given. The new global order has also been characterized by increased financial volatility Analyzing from the Third World debt crisis of the early 1980s to the Mexican breakdown of 1994-95 to the current Asian debacle, financial crises have become more and more threatening. With increasing privatization and deregulation, the discrepancy between the influence of financial forces and of the governments and increases the potential for a global breakdown steadily enlarges. If this is the case, we must analyze the current crisis through which the entire planet is suffering from. It is a real and down-to-earth example of how an earthquake in the economy of the great can affect the less unfortunate. The crisis involves the US economical superpower together with the Asian market and the EU developing economical system. For USA, the crisis is marked by stock fluctuations and an unstable market. The price of oil drops rapidly and several industries are brought to bankruptcy. Now, the world’s superpowers can deal with the crisis easily. For example, the rescue project for the US is merely under 1% of the GDP. As the economy of the country is weaker, the percentage involved is growing. The case of Germany speaks out, as the investment for getting out of the crisis will affect more than 25% of their GDP. Now if this is the case of a developed country then a poor country could enter in a financial collapse just by trying to maintain them to a level of decency. The current crisis is a real challenge for the globalization system and conception. It affects us all but for sure it can kill some economies and bring them down for good. The truth is that the entire world begins to be linked to some economic giants and when they start collapsing, everyone goes together with them. Another issue of globalization is the free work-market. It is a positive thing that people can work wherever they want and wherever they are appreciated for their qualifications. There is also the risk of economical nomads. These economical nomads are represented by the companies that tend to move their factories in the poorer countries; for the single reason that there the wages are smaller as the production stays the same. This nomadic attitude appears to be beneficial for the company itself, but closing a factory in one country in order to re-open it in another is definitely a hit for the economical situation of entire regions. There is the example of Nokia that speaks out clearly this approach. Nokia Company closed a factory in Germany to open one in Romania. The only reason was that a Romanian employee could be paid with wages from 300-1000 euro, as a German was paid with amounts from 3000 euro and up. The economical balance changed for both Germany and Romania. Anyhow, it is a fact that when the wages become larger, the company will move out in another poorer country. On the other hand this discrepancy between wages for the same production turns out to be the premises for the enrichment of a certain elite. Income inequality rose markedly both within and between countries. In the United States, the median real wage rate was lower in the latter year. Inequality rose to levels of 70 years earlier, and underemployment, job insecurity, benefit loss, and worker speedup under â€Å"lean† production systems all increased. Insecurity is functional. As it is the greatest weapon that can be used to form certain groups of interest that tend to manipulate all the economical situation to their own convenience. The gap in incomes between the 20 percent of the world’s population in the richest and poorest countries has grown from 30 to 1 in 1960 to 82 to 1 in 1995, therefore the Third World conditions have in many respects worsened. Incomes have fallen in more than 70 countries over the past 20 years. Some 3 billion people, that mean half the world’s population, live on fewer than two dollars a day. Other 800 million suffer from malnutrition. In the Third World, unemployment and underemployment are common. Massive poverty survives side-by-side with the influential elite. More than 75 million people a year are seeking asylum or employment in the developed countries. The Third World governments allow virtually unrestricted capital flight and seek no options but to attract foreign investment. The premises that have made globalization possible are the very conditions that are now threatening it. The communication breakthroughs that enable global mass production can also expose its horrors: unemployment, dropping wages, social and economical insecurity. The tools that make possible overnight wealth for a handful of global speculators also make possible overnight global financial panic. Globalization should be handled like a very fragile pot that can break into many pieces any moment. As for the poor countries, they are the only ones who can decide whether globalization has a positive effect or a negative effect. Well, that is theoretically speaking. Practically, they have no choice. Sooner or later the wave will get them and they will all have to suffer the consequences. The general consideration of the entire world could be finding efficient ways of preventing the worse to happen. Until then, the socio-political factors will decide if in real life everything functions like we know it in theory. References: 1. The Threat of Globalization, Edward S. Herman, New Politics vol. 7, no. 2 (new series), whole no. 26 Winter 1999; 2. Progressive Globalism: Challenging the Audacity of Capital, William K. Tabb, Monthly Review, February 1, 1999; 3. Statement on Globalization, UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, May 11, 1998; 4. The Three Rounds of Globalization, Ashutosh Sheshabalaya, The Globalist, March 14, 2000; 5. Globalization on Trial, Rumina Sethi, Tribune (India), June 27, 2004.

Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi Research Paper Example

Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi Research Paper Example Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi Paper Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi Paper Essay Topic: Letter From Birmingham Jail Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. were civil right activists who took a form of action to obtain equal rights amongst their society. Gandhi moved to South Africa in 1893 to serve the Indian population after failing to establish a legal practice in Bombay. Subsequent to moving to South Africa, he recognized many laws that discriminated against Indians and initiated a change by taking action. Gandhi developed his theory of satyagraha (soul force), which implicates social justice through love as well as suffering the consequences. After meeting with a group of Indian nationalists he wrote down his theories in a pamphlet called Hind Swarf or Indian Home Rule. Martin Luther King Jr. did a non-violent campaign in Birmingham Alabama. Birmingham was one of the few cities where the fourth step in Kings non-violent campaign theory called direct action was necessary. Unfortunately, King was jailed on April 12-20, 1963 for violating a court injunction by leading a protest march in Birmingham. While King was in jail, eight Alabama clergymen published a statement criticizing the use of direct action and referred to this approach as unwise and untimely. While incarcerated, King politely responded to their statement in a letter titled Letter from Birmingham City Jail. Martin Luther King Jr. and Mohandas Gandhi developed theories that linked to a system that surpassed governmental laws. King and Gandhi had educational as well as logical reasoning for taking each approach towards unjust laws. Mohandas Gandhi based his document on defining the true meaning of civilization where as Martin Luther King Jr. based his document on recognizing the reason he wanted to cease injustice. Both Gandhi and King discussed reasons regarding the use of non-violent actions to fight for their rights.

Biography of Artemisia I, Queen of Halicarnassus

Biography of Artemisia I, Queen of Halicarnassus Artemisia I of Halicarnassus (~520–460 BCE) was the ruler of the city of Halicarnassus at the time of the Persian Wars (499–449 BCE), As a Carian colony of Persia, Halicarnassus fought against the Greeks. The Greek historian Herodotus (484–425  BCE) was also a Carian, and he was born in that city during Artemisias rule. Her story was recorded by Herodotus and appears in the Histories, written in the mid-450s BCE. Known For: Ruler of Halicarnassus, naval commander in the Persian WarsBorn: ~520 BCE, HalicarnassusParents: Lygadimis and unknown Cretan motherDied: ~460 BCESpouse: Unnamed husbandChildren: Pisindelis INotable Quote: If thou art hasty to fight, I tremble lest the defeat of thy sea force bring harm likewise to thy land army. Early Life Artemisia was born probably about 520 BCE in Halicarnassus, near todays Bodrum, Turkey. Halicarnassus was the capital of the Carian satrapy of the Achaemenid Persian empire in Asia Minor during the reign of Darius I (ruled 522–486 BCE). She was a member of the Lygdamid  dynasty (520–450 BCE) of rulers in the city, as the daughter of Lygadimis, a Carian, and his wife, a woman (unnamed by Herodotus) from the Greek island of Crete. Artemisia inherited her throne from her husband, whose name is not known, during the rule of the Persian emperor Xerxes I, also known as Xerxes the Great (ruled 486–465 BC). Her kingdom included the city of Halicarnassus and the nearby islands of Cos, Calymnos, and Nisyros. Artemisia I had at least one son, Pisindelis, who ruled Halicarnassus after her between ~460–450 BCE. Persian Wars When Xerxes went to war against Greece (480–479 BCE), Artemisia was the only woman among his commanders. She brought five ships of the 70 total sent to battle, and those five ships were forces with a reputation for ferocity and valor. Herodotus suggests that Xerxes selected Artemisia to lead a squadron to embarrass the Greeks, and indeed, when they heard about it, the Greeks offered a reward of 10,000 drachmas (about three years wages for a workman) for capturing Artemisia. No one succeeded in claiming the prize. After winning the battle at Thermopylae in August of 480 BCE, Xerxes sent Mardonius to talk to each of his naval commanders separately about the upcoming battle of Salamis. Artemisia was the only one who advised against a sea battle, suggesting that Xerxes instead wait offshore for what she saw as the inevitable retreat or attack the Peloponnese on shore. She was quite blunt about their chances against the Greek armada, saying that the rest of the Persian naval commanders- Egyptians, Cypriots, Cilicians, and Pamphylians- were not up to the challenge. While he was pleased that she provided a separate viewpoint, Xerxes ignored her advice, choosing to follow the majority opinion. Battle of Salamis During the battle, Artemisias found her flagship was being chased by an Athenian vessel and had no chance of escape. She rammed a friendly vessel which was commanded by the Calyndians and their king Damasithymos; the ship sank with all hands. The Athenian, confused by her actions, assumed she was either a Greek ship or a deserter, and left Artemisias ship to chase others. Had the Greek commander realized who he was chasing, and recalled the price on her head, he would not have changed course. No one from the Calyndian ship survived, and Xerxes was impressed at her nerve and daring, saying My men have become women, and my women, men. After the failure at Salamis, Xerxes abandoned his invasion of Greece- and Artemisia is credited with persuading him to make this decision. As a reward, Xerxes sent her to Ephesus to take care of his illegitimate sons.   Beyond Herodotus That is all that Herodotus had to say about Artemisia. Other early references to Artemisia include the 5th century CE Greek physician Thessalus who spoke of her as a cowardly pirate; and the Greek playwright Aristophanes, who used her as a symbol of a strong and uppity warrior woman in his comic plays Lysistrata and Thesmophoriazusae, equating her with the Amazons.   Later writers were generally approving, including Polyaenus, the 2nd century CE Macedonian author of Stratagems in War, and Justin, the 2nd century Roman empire historian. Photius, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinopole, described a legend depicting Artemisia as having fallen hopelessly in love with a younger man from Abydos, and jumping off a cliff to cure the unrequited passion. Whether her death was as glamorous and romantic as that described by Photius, she was probably dead when her son Pisindelis took over the rule of Halicarnassus. Archaeological evidence of Artemisias relationship with Xerxes was discovered in the ruins of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus by British archaeologist Charles Thomas Newton when he excavated there in 1857. The Mausoleum itself was built by Artemisia II to honor her husband Mausolus between 353–350 BCE, but the alabaster jar is inscribed with the signature of Xerxes I, in Old Persian, Egyptian, Babylonian, and Elamite.  The presence of this jar in this location strongly suggests it was given by Xerxes to Artemisia I and passed down to her descendants who buried it at the Mausoleum. Sources A Jar with the Name of King Xerxes. Livius, October 26, 2018.Falkner, Caroline L. Artemesia in Herodotus. Diotima, 2001.  Halsall, Paul Herodotus: Artemisia at Salamis, 480 BCE. Ancient History Sourcebook, Fordham University, 1998.  Munson, Rosaria Vignolo. Artemisia in Herodotus. Classical Antiquity 7.1 (1988): 91-106. Print.Rawlinson, George (transl). Herodotus, The History. New York: Dutton Co., 1862.Strauss, Barry. The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece- and Western Civilization. New York: Simon Schuster, 2004.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Summary - Essay Example In the United States of America, the most popular professional body with members who are interested in retail security is the â€Å"Association of Convenience and Petroleum Retailing† (NACS). This body offers a platform for employers, employees, and other interested parties to ensure the security of their work environment through intensive knowledge on security, which they are offered. Business owners and employees have a variety of security measures to choose from. However, in the United States, NACS recommends investment in security measures, which are most likely to alleviate crime and insecurity in the business premises. The main control methods recommended include cash control, visibility in stores, the correct positioning of cash registers in stores, training of employees, especially on how to deter robbery, balanced lighting in stores, alarms, electronic video surveillance, and minimal escape routes. These are some of the ways to ensure security in business. The author addresses business security of a variety of premises, including both public and private facilities. Shopping centers and malls in the United States are prone to robbery and other criminal activity, as many people tend to loiter there. The major security measures employed include contract guards, public police, as well as electronic surveillance and alarms. Of importance in the malls are the codes of conduct, which shoppers have to adhere to, as these help maintain order and increase the malls’ security. Banks are a target of robbers, therefore, needs tight security. These mainly employ security measures, which ensure risk assessment and analysis of robbery, and cash control methods. Training of bank employees is also essential, as well as other electronic and digital surveillance methods. In addition, electronic devices, which can detect metal and explosives, are highly used in banks for security measure. Private and public utility facilities present major security concerns, which include sabotage, terrorism activities, theft, and damage of private and public property, among others. Apart from the clients, these utility facilities, which include telephone, gas, water, oil, electricity, and nuclear pose a security threat to the employees. In such industries therefore, employee training is the most recommended security method. Different bodies in the United States, including the International Association of Healthcare Security and Safety (IAHSS), among others, offer employee training for such industries. Entertainment spots including casinos, amusement parks, beaches, and movie theatres, also need strict security measures, as these are prone to rowdy revelers. This case applies to sports facilities, which also pose a threat to security through the rowdy fans. In the United States today, professionals are looking for better ways of preventing violent and patron behaviors in the sports and entertainment avenues. Most of such areas in the United States emplo y public police and security guards to ensure security. This chapter therefore, addresses security concerns of both private and public spaces and the need of better security measures in future. Chapter 7 In chapter 7, Dempsey primarily discusses the retail shrinkage problem. It is argued that retail shrinkage problem is one of the serious issues affecting modern businesses despite the fact that technology has changed the way business are conducted. According to the author, retail shrinkage accounts for

Responds a topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Responds a topic - Essay Example treated the same way as the slaves and the children and this means she was by no means greater than them in any way and that was her social level (Lerner 79). The relationship between men and women prior to these ancient societies was one based on equality and cordial behavior. There was division of chores between men and women during the hunting and gathering era where the men who were physically strong hunted and the women gathered. No gender was superior to the other. All this however changed with the incorporation of agriculture and end of the hunting and gathering period and the women’s role in society started being that of subordination and inferiority while that of men become that of superiority and authoritarianism (Diamond 96). It was no longer about physical features and division of labor but became a master and slave kind of relationship with the slave in this case literary being the woman whose rights became non-existence especially with marriage. Virginity became a big issue for the women who were to ensure they stayed pure until they were married off. The husbands on the other hand were not required to be virgins. In fact the more women a man had slept with, the more of a conqueror he was considered to be. The society employed double standards on this issue including the fact that an adulterer women was sentenced to death while the man was simply released to go do as he wishes. Once married, the rules of society dictated that the woman move to go live with her husband and his family and was part of the man’s property from them henceforth to control and do with her as he pleases. The subordination of the women developed at this juncture where she was expected to obey and follow all the demands and commands of the husband without any question as the man was the authority figure. These beliefs and behaviors continued to intensify even after the society started moving from agriculture to other crafts such as engaging in trade with the western

Eastern European Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Eastern European Studies - Essay Example It also has practical implications for the lives of citizens of these countries, whose future depends on the development of democracy backed by a robust judicial system. Constitutional reform or engineering toward this end is a daunting task and early signs of this experiment have shown disappointing results1. This essay will take an in-depth look into factors that are holding back constitutional engineering in the Eastern European bloc; and especially focus on how the Soviet legacy is still influencing crucial areas of reform. The ongoing transformation from state communism to a free-market economic system in Eastern European countries is unprecedented in its scope and wide-ranging in its impact. Given that communism radically altered major institutions in these countries, it should come as no surprise that the early stages of the reform process have not been fruitful. Since economic growth is a key indicator of a stable constitutional structure, it is instructive to look into this facet of a nation's health. It turns out that the degree of economic contraction is larger than what was predicted by analysts. This trend can be observed in the republics of former U.S.S.R as well. For example, â€Å"With the important caveat that the rise in private sector activity may not be fully captured in the official statistics, the drop in output in the region since 1989 is now estimated to have reached 20 percent, and for some countries it has exceeded 35 percent. There has been some progress in the implementation of reforms in Eastern Europe, but the supply response thus far has been limited. Signs of a bottoming out of the contraction can be discerned in some countries, but further output losses may yet be in store. In the republics of the former U.S.S.R., the reform process has barely started.† 2 The transformation from communism to democracy involves radical overhaul of former authoritarian institutions. Hence, political commentators were under no illusion about the turbulences it is going to involve. Already, in the twenty years since the collapse of the Soviet Union, three former communist countries of the union have seen political upheavals. The Rose Revolution threw out Eduard Shevardnadze in Georgia and brought to power a 36-year-old lawyer from New York. The Orange Revolution that followed in 2004 handed power to Viktor Yushchenko, who is known to have the backing of Washington. Yushchenko's election victory was disputed by the opposition party and he narrowly escaped an assassination bid as well. Similarly, the Tulip Revolution of 2005 in Kyrgyzstan removed dictatorial president Askar Akayev (who eventually took refuge in neighbouring Russia) and in his stead brought the opposition leader to power, whose election rhetoric was centred on constitutional reform. These examples show the magnitude of the task of bringing democracy to the region which has not yet come out from the communist hangover. At first these so-called revolutions w ere hailed in the Western press as the beginning of a new era of prosperity and progress for these countries. But the truth is far from this idealization. These three 'revolutions' are now recognized as total failures. In fact, â€Å"no fresh heroes rose from the grass roots, swept into power by a newly robust civil society

Bill of Rights Impact and Causes

Bill of Rights Impact and Causes Brandon Huff The Bill of Rights are the first ten Amendments in the Constitution, and were created for greater constitutional protections of our individual rights. These were written by James Madison, a member of the House of Representatives at the time. There were two parties at the time, the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. The Federalists believed that they did not need a Bill of Rights because the people and states had the powers not given to the government. While the Anti-Federalists believed that it was absolutely necessary to have, and was needed to protect the individuals rights. While Madison was writing these Amendments, it was argued that Congress couldnt change the constitution, so Madison proposed they be added on as Amendments. Madison wrote twenty amendments and of those the House approved seventeen of them. From there they were sent to the Senate where only twelve survived. Of those twelve sent to the states, only ten passed. These amendments are a list of limits on government power. This means that a right that was seen as a natural are protected with this document The Amendments include freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, no soldier shall live in the house of a citizen without consent, the right against unreasonable searches to house, car, self, and effects; the right to not be tried of the same offense twice, the right to a quick trial by an impartial jury, the right of trial by jury of an offense over twenty dollars, no excessive bail or unreasonable punishments, the enumeration of certain rights may not be construed, and the powers not delegated nor given to the states by the Constitution are the rights of the states. These rights given to us will always be ours and nothing can take them away from us. But why did the they choose only these amendments to ratify and use for our Bill of Rights? Each of those who voted and ratified these believed that these were unalienable rights given to us by God and therefore, shouldnt be controlled by the government. These are right that were put on paper to prevent the government from taking over the country and trying to take our rights away.   Each of these amendments protects very specific things, that as a nation we will need in order to keep the big government in check. Lets look at each amendment individually and see why it would be chosen. The first amendment protects our right to exercise our religion, speech, peaceful assembly, and press. This means that no matter what you believe in, you can believe it in the open and not having to fear the government is going to come after you. Next, you can say what you want where you want, though it probably isnt the best idea all the time. You can also write in the papers, or say on the news what you believe about certain things and it wont be taken out or edited. Last, we can gather in protest of something anywhere as long as it is a peaceful and controlled protest. This freedom allows us to keep the government in check and allows us as the people to offer changes or things we believe will help the country. Next, our right to bear arms. This seems pretty self-explanatory, if the need arises we can protect ourselves. Whether that mean from an intruder, or an attacker, or even from the government itself. This is probably one of the most important things given to us as a people, because protecting ourselves is not an option in a lot of other places around the world. Our third right is the right we have to our own house. A soldier cant come and live on our house during a time of war unless given permission. This doesnt really apply to todays world, but when it was made people attacking and fighting on American soil. So, it was only obvious that they would make one stating the privacy you have within your home. Fourth is the right that protects us, our property, and belongings from being unreasonably searched, or without a warrant. This is very important because without it the government could just take and go through whatever they want to without a reason. This protects the right to privacy and ownership. The idea that you own something and have the ability to say no is a very good thing to have. Our fifth right is the right we have to avoid being charged the same offense twice. If we have been accused and proven not guilty, we wont be tried again for the same crime. It also protects our other basic rights listed above, such as the thing of ones property. This is one that is not well known and is underestimated in its importance, but is a crucial part of the Bill of Rights. Next, is the right to a speedy trial and the ability to have someone able represent them in a court of law. It also protects against people that would be trying to influence you as a witness, or someone who wants to do you harm. This protection and help in the courts is very important even now as people still try to change the minds of those involved with trials and so forth. The seventh goes along with the previous two in a sense it involves the courts. Any crime exceeding went dollars must go through a court and have a trial. This helps prevent unjust rulings by one or another in   the sense that they must be a jury to decide what happens. Since most every crime exceeds twenty dollars almost every crime is done through our legal system. This is the best way to do things because our legal system is very through and very good. Next is our right to not have an excessive bail set for our release form jail. It must be appropriate with the crime committed, we dont need to worry about a million dollar bail if all we did was graffiti. This is for us as a people to feel like we can still have some hope of getting out early, whether or not thats what we need is something else entirely. The ninth amendment protects us from having all of our other ones being misinterpreted. Some people will try to pretend they dont know what our rights mean, or will try to violate them even if do not know they are. This will protect us from that and if one is caught misinterpreting our rights they receive and just punishment. Our last right states that any power not delegated to the United States by the Constitution is given to the states. This prevents the government controlling everything in all the states all the time. It gives the states a right to control a more local area and it helps keep an eye on the government. With each state having its own rights they can watch and keep the government in check. Now, of all of the amendments proposed to be in this Bill of Rights, the people chose these ten. They couldnt have chosen better. These are the very things that, if not specifically given to us as the people and the stats themselves; that the government might want to control at a later date. This Bill of Rights is a very important part of the United States and helps keep this country free and allows it to be run by the people. Without the foresight of our early leaders and the compromise they came to in the making of this document, America might be a very different place. I believe that this document helped shape the nation into what it is today. Without these rights given to us we couldnt do some things that we needed to do, nor could we guarantee that we would be safe from corrupt and unlawful people and trials. With these set in place we can have protection from corrupt people, are able to watch the government, and are free to protect ourselves from more upfront threats. These give us security in our nation and knowing that we the people have the power to make this country what it is. We elect our leaders, we elect our representatives, we elect all of the people in any position of power. If they dont do a good job we elect someone else, but it is always our choice who is in charge. That is a luxury that many nations dont have, and we as a people have forgotten how important it truly is. By reading this people can realize what we have in this country and how much we can really do for it. People act like they cant do anything so why bother, or some try to change things that doesnt need to or the have no control over. We need to go back and read what we can do, what we cant and all work together to make this country better for all.

Essay --

Tragedies such as 9/ll has impacted many people when the terrorist attack happened at the world trade center in Manhattan. Thousands and thousands of people died, others were injured, and other civilians cried their hearts out. The nation was in despair, knowing that innocent people have died and their nation has been attacked. The government had noted that the act of 9/11 was an act of terrorism. The question is, what is terrorism and is it permissible or non-permissible? There is no specific definition of terrorism due to the fact that the definition can be viewed differently (p398). Some of the definitions of terrorism is either too broad while others are too neutral (p398). An example that was in the book was the comparison between the London bombing and the bombing in Hiroshima. The London bombing was considered an act of terrorism while the bombing in Hiroshima was considered non-terrorism because it was a response to an act of terrorism that was done at Pearl Harbor (p399). V aughn had defined terrorism as â€Å"...the deliberate use or threat of physical violence against noncombat...

Economics and Ethics

The area of ethics in economics is a divisive one, over which there has been considerable debate. Ethics has many interpretations in the history of philosophy as well as in economic history. Very simply, ethics refers to an understanding of certain forms of behavior as either right or wrong. â€Å"The field of ethics, also called moral philosophy, involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.† (Ethics) However, there are many complex aspects to the understanding of ethics. An early idea of ethics was put forward by the philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill in the 19th Century. They suggested that ethical action was concerned with providing â€Å"†¦ the greatest balance of good over evil.† (Ethics) On the one hand, economics is fundamentally driven in a systems and practical sense by the need to acquire profit and accumulate wealth. On the other hand there is a growing debate about ethical responsibility and integrity in the business and economic world, with respect to aspects and issues that strictly fall outsider the ambit of the pure science of economics per se. Recent controversies, such as the Enron scandal have also highlighted the issue of ethics in economics and business. This leads to a vast array of issues and questions; such as the protection of future resources and the growing debate about the reality of environmental ethics as it relates to purely economic concerns. Questions are asked such as; can there ethically be a case for unconstrained economic adventurism and profiteering without paying attention to the moral and ethical dimensions of these actions? The debate and the dilemma that business faces in terms of ethical practices and views are concisely expressed in the following quotation. While â€Å"Businesses, in some parts of the world, have become integral participants in such causes as protecting the environment and alleviating poverty from economically depressed localities†, this concern with ethics is â€Å"†¦ confronted with the problem that economists have no other way to approach reality without concentrating on questions of utility.† ( Zaratiegui J. 1999) It is this focus on utilitarianism and the profit margin central to the capitalistic mode of economic production, which brings it into conflict with other issues and views and often results in a negative ethical assessment of business and economics. Therefore many critics are of the opinion that in an ethical sense the utilitarian focus of modern capitalism should be criticized. More importantly, theorists note that, â€Å"The nature of modern economics has been substantially impoverished by the distance that has grown between economics and ethics †¦ [economics] can be more productive by paying greater and more explicit attention to the ethical considerations that shape human behaviour and judgement.† (Sen, A. 1987, p 7.) It should also be noted that this debate and the alleged dissociation between economic thought and praxis and various ethical and critical stances, is a fairly recent phenomenon. In its origins modern economics was intimately connected to ethics and ethical motivations. Sen reminds us of the contrast between the â€Å"non-ethical† feature of modern economics and its genesis as an offshoot of ethics. At the time of its inception, then, the language of economics was comprised of normative elements. Nevertheless, over time, economics came to be considered an autonomous science, and its language and value judgments become increasingly more â€Å"positive.† It is this change in economic thought and praxis and the move towards a neutral or † value free† attitude towards ethical issues, with science as the motivating example, that has essentially created the present debate. However the debate about ethical involvement and responsibilities in economics continues to vacillate from one point of view to the other. On the one hand, economists argue that economic praxis and associated analytic techniques are ethically positive in that they help to predict human social and economic growth and development in a consistent way. Economists are also quick to argue and provide examples of the way that economic strategies uplift, develop and form a common basis for world interaction and harmony. â€Å".. it is regarded by some as beneficial, enabling economists to develop analytic techniques and make rational predictions of future human behavior. â€Å"(Zaratiegui J. 1999) On the other side of the argument there are many who interpret the alleged benefits of economics rather as the promotion of profit over ethical norms and principles. However in recent years there has at least ostensibly a reassessment of the ethical parameters of economics from within the economic community. As recently as a decade ago, many companies viewed business ethics only in terms of administrative compliance with legal standards and adherence to internal rules and regulations. Today the situation is different. Attention to business ethics is on the rise across the world and many companies realize that in order to succeed, they must earn the respect and confidence of their customers. This change is still based in the praxis of customer behavior and reaction but nevertheless it does show a change towards a greater awareness of ethical responsibly ion the world. Many of the ethical debates surrounding economics revolve around the complex issue of the interactions of business and commercial concerns and bio-ethics. Bio-ethics refers to the ethical demands and requisites in the interaction between the human and the non-human environment. As such, bio-ethics is difficult to relate to or argue in purely subjective or human terms; which make it all the more difficult to understand and react to from an economic perspective. A case in point which is still under discussion is the intended use of the oil reserves in the Arctic Wildlife Refuge. At present the debate about the exploitation of the Arctic National or ANWR has been in process for 20 years. (Endless debate drains political energy) The debate has tended to centre mainly on the exploitation of a sensitive ecological area as opposed to the economic and political value for the country from a potentially rich oil supply. The divergent viewpoints are expressed in the following assessment of the situation. To generalize, people who care most about the wildlife and wilderness don't give a hoot about the oil; folks fixated on the oil think its value outweighs the wildlife and wildland concerns. The two sides are every bit as polarized and only a little less passionate than those battling over abortion rights† The National Petroleum Reserve of Alaska (NPR-A), is situated between the foothills of the Brooks Range and the Arctic coastline, and is about 120 miles from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). (Rosen, Y. 2003. ) The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM) estimates the area will†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ supplement production from the Alpine fields, which hold 429 million barrels and have a daily oil output of about 100,000 barrels.† (US OKs Commercial Drilling in Alaska Oil Reserve) From an economic point of view, the use of this oil reserve will have many positive aspects. Besides the money that would be brought into the economy instead of flowing out in oil purchases, it would have positive internal and political implication as it would obviously mean less reliance on outside oil sources. The Energy Information Agency of the Department of Energy estimates that Alaska oil production averaged 902,000 barrels of oil per day from January through August 2004, about 16 percent of total U.S. oil production during that period, most of which comes from Prudhoe Bay. Opening up even a limited area of ANWR for drilling would offer the prospect of producing from Alaska possibly 40 percent or more of the oil consumed in America. This view can be seen as supporting the idea of an ethical position in the economic exploitation of the region in that it will be for the â€Å"greater good† of the international community to reduce America's oil dependencies. The other side of the argument is that the exploitation of this region for profit will upset the delicate ecological balance and will further have a larger ecological impact. From this point of view the proposed economic actions are unethical. In essence the debate is centered on two very different world views which need an understanding of their underlying biases to be fully comprehended. Many similar points of dissention and lines of argument are formed in the ethical debate that has raged for years about animal experimentation for research. One has the argument for experimentation on the basis of ensuring human safety; while those opposed point out that this view still contravenes basic bio-ethics and the respect for life on this planet. On the one hand business and commerce stress the need to test products before public consumption and on the other hand activists state that many of these tests are simply attempts to placate the public and have no intrinsic scientific worth. Animal rights groups point out that animal experimentation is an extremely cruel endeavor. Among the many different types of animal extermination are the†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ the toxicity and irritation testing of various consumer products, such as foodstuffs and cosmetics†¦extraction of products, and the development of drugs.† (Rollin, 1992, p. 136) One of the most criticized tests in this regard is the Draize eye irritant test. This test involves â€Å"†¦ placing a substance in the eyes of four to six rabbits and evaluating the effect.† (Thompson 1988, p15.) The results for these extremely cruel experiments are used for cautionary labels on various products such as soaps and cosmetics. One of the main arguments against commercial vivisection is that many scientists claim that there is no real scientific purpose to animal experimentation. This is a particularly the case with regard to animals which are used by pharmaceutical and chemical companies to test the toxicity of drugs and other substances, including cosmetics and household cleaners. This practice has been regularly criticized by doctors and scientists who are of the opinion that these experiments are not only unscientific but also flawed in many respects and even dangerous to human health. Countering these assertions the economists point to the many successful trials that have resulted in positive results and benefits for human beings and human health. The economic world is, as has been stated, becoming more aware of its ethical responsibilities. Some critics still see this new found ethical responsiveness in the scientific and economic communities as a reaction only to pubic opinion and customer perception. However there are also those who are more positive and who think that the economic community is becoming more aware and reacting more positively to the important ethical dimensions of their activities.