The Process of Conditioning Free Essays

Florida Sahay Professor Griffin Psychology 1101 Fall 2009 The Conditioning Process It was pouring when Sarah was driving home from work. Both she and the driver of the vehicle before her were speeding. The vehicle before her had quickly slowed down. We will compose a custom article test on The Process of Conditioning or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now There was insufficient separation between that vehicle and her own vehicle to securely ease back to a stop, so she had immediately changed paths to maintain a strategic distance from a fender bender. Rather, the smooth asphalt made her vehicle turn wild. At the point when her vehicle at long last slipped to a stop, it was inches from crashing into a tree.Two weeks after the fact, Sarah saw that she had become on edge each time she needed to drive in the downpour. In all honesty, Sarah’s uneasiness is because of an affiliated learning process called molding. As indicated by Weiten (2008), molding includes learning relationship between occasions that happen in an organism’s domain (p. 169). Despite the fact that brain science has a grip on how we learn through old style and operant molding, it is disabled by organic constraints.Classical molding, likewise alluded to as Pavlovian molding (Weiten, 2008), was found by a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. This type of learning presents how an unconditioned upgrade (UCS), or a nonpartisan occasion, is at first unfit to inspire an unconditioned reaction (UCR), or a reflexive reaction, yet achieves the capacity to do as such by blending with another improvement that can evoke such a reaction. Sarah’s circumstance would be a case of traditional molding. The UCS would be Sarah’s brush with death. The UCR from Sarah was nervousness and fear.Now that she feels tension and dread each time she should drive when it downpours, regardless of whether there is no way of another mishap, her response has become an adapted reaction (CR) to the downpour, which is presently the molded upgrade (CS). Another sort of molding is operant molding. Operant molding (Weiten, 2008) can be recognized from old style molding in that old style molding clarifies how controls by occasions happen before the reflexive reaction, though operant molding clarifies how the reaction is impacted by the accompanying consequence of an event.The reaction in operant molding isn't reflexive, yet rather, intentional. In this manner, as indicated by Weiten (2008), operant molding is a type of learning wherein willful reactions come to be constrained by their results. Operant molding happens on an ordinary premise. It very well may be distinguished when a kid concentrates hard to acquire passing marks, a worker endeavors to procure a raise in his/her pay, or even a pooch performing stunts to gain a treat.Conditioning was thought to be applied to any species that could react to an improvement. Despite what might be expected, revelations in ongoing decades have demonstrated that there are cutoff points to molding. These cutoff points are because of an organism’s natural legacy (Weiten, 2008). Natural float is one of the numerous organic requirements. Natural float was first depicted by the Brelands who were operant therapists in the matter of preparing creatures for business purposes (Breland, 1966 as refered to in Weiten, 2008).This happens when the molding procedure is upset by an animal’s reaction because of intrinsic inclinations. For instance, a pooch can be prepared to bring a stick, yet in the event that the canine is given a bone, the pooch would in all probability run off some place to cover the bone. This is a direct result of the dog’s inborn food-protecting conduct. As expressed by Michael Domjan (2005 as refered to in Weiten, 2008), life forms have created unmistakable reaction frameworks to manage essential errands and ingrained instincts through the span of evolution.The chief perspective on analysts today on learning is that learning system among various species are closely resembling, yet a portion of these components have been modified because of the requests of the organism’s condition. Hypotheses of molding didn't dispense the job of subjective procedures until late decades. Edward C. Tolman and his associates (Tolman Honzik as refered to in Weiten, 2008) built up an experimentation in which they utilized three gatherings of rodents. Every one of the three gatherings were to go through a confused labyrinth. Gathering A was remunerated food every day when they had the option to get to the furthest limit of the labyrinth. Gathering B didn't get any food and gathering C was compensated food on their eleventh preliminary. Gathering A demonstrated a much improvement in a short course of time (roughly seventeen days) because of the support. Gathering B and C, notwithstanding, indicated little improvement throughout 10 days. After the eleventh preliminary, bunch C indicated a radical improvement and even surpassed bunch A. Tolman confirmed that the rodents in bunch C have been learning the labyrinth the same amount of as gathering A. The inspiration of the prize appeared to build bunch C’s potential.He named this as inert realizing, which is lethargic information that a life form has, yet doesn't communicate until it is required. Later on in the investigation of brain research, intellectual variables were incorporated into the investigation of molding. A significant subject during the investigation of molding was nature versus nature (Weiten, 2008). Social attributes were believed to be clarified through natural elements, yet the ongoing many years of proof from the investigation of old style and operant molding has demonstrated that the way toward molding is debilitated by natural constraints.Heritage and the earth by and by challenge the speculations of sustain while affecting practices in life forms. Youngster care offices, schools, plants, and significant organizations have all been applied with standards of molding so as to improve. Old style and operant molding has been a noteworthy commitment and has had a significant impact to society. References Weiten, W. (2008). Brain research: Themes varieties briefer adaptation (seventh ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. The most effective method to refer to The Process of Conditioning, Essays

Marketing Paper

Promoting Paper Promoting Paper LVMH Moet Hennessy-Louis Vuitton SA is a domain of more than sixty upscale refined brands. This extravagance centered organization sold more than twenty-four billion of every 2008. Attempting to sell you a fantasy, the norm, or only a quality item this organization can take care of your better needs. Included a tremendous determination of very good quality products, for example, Fashion and Leather, Perfume and Cosmetics, Wine and Spirits, Selective Retailing, and Watches and Jewelry. This organization and all of auxiliaries are not worried about normal America. The 47% are not thought of or raised in gatherings with the exception of how to keep their items out of their hands. Which means these items are intended to cause you to feel world class, prevalent, and of worth. These items are profoundly duplicated far and wide and sold at normal costs for normal individuals not what Bernard Arnault needs. Spending more than ten million every year just to keep them out of their hands. In the event that you need it, get it however purchase the genuine article it will cause you to feel far superior to attempting to be in vogue and phony. It additionally annihilates the brands notoriety when some trashy looking young lady with no cosmetics in sweat pants, recolored shirt, corner store shades, paying off brand everything since she minds actually nothing of value only the look has a Louis Vuitton purse on her side. This is the reason showcase skimming is utilized as an estimating methodology. Cost is half of notoriety. Individuals who are happy to purchase novel item at a top notch cost are the ones being showcased as well. The high evaluating system constrains the presentation of the item to start with making it increasingly alluring ideally to trend-setters and early adopters needing to be the main the norm of their system. In Japan and Hawaii costs are expanded in top occasions to build benefits at whatever point conceivable. In 2001 when the market didn’t look great with loan costs at unsurpassed lows and the financial exchange looking desolate Louis Vuitton expanded costs. Why? To make themselves alluring to let individuals ensure that they realize this is extravagance, this is your the state of affairs and that they realize you will get it on the off chance that you have the cash whether you need to spare or simply have the cash lying around in light of the fact that you need to dr eam since everybody needs to be something more than normal. Playing a 90-second business on TV to educate individuals about Louis Vuitton new corporate marking effort to feature the brand’s travel legacy was an astute move as I would like to think. Leading it’s a 90-second business, that’s three ordinary plugs. So clearly it costs more, it catches your eye longer, and it’s like balancing a carrot before a pony to

How to Use the Library to Save Money

How to Use the Library to Save Money How to Use the Library to Save Money How to Use the Library to Save MoneyTake out your wallet. Do you have a library card yet?We don’t give the library enough credit these days. While screens have largely replaced books for many people, you can’t quite beat the feel of flipping through the pages in a big comfy chair as rain pours against your window. And the library is still your best source for reading lots of traditional books at the lowest cost possible. But the library can offer so much more! When you familiarize yourself with the secrets of the library, you’ll find that it will save you money on many different areas of your life. We spoke to the experts to bring you all the ways you can take advantage of your local library.Topical!The library is great for finding older books, but it can also be a source for current periodicals. And it’s much more affordable than maintaining a subscription to your favorite paper or magazine.“If, like us, you have children, the library can be a great, affordable place to en tertain them for an hour or two,” recommended Claire and Andy of Thrifty Parent. “Ideal for a rainy day especially! But, as your kids get older, they no longer need you to read to them or help them reach the books etc. So what do you do whilst theyre all distracted? Most libraries get daily newspapers and have subscriptions to major magazines. This is a great way for Mum or Dad to kill the time, with the indulgence of reading about your favourite hobby or just catching up on the news all free of charge.”Library, camera, action.Are you the kind of person who prefers to wait for the movie version instead of reading a book? Well the library is there for you as well!“No Netflix?” asked Holly Wolf, Director of Customer Engagement for SOLO Laboratories (@SOLO_labs). “No problem. Go to your local library and rent/borrow popular movies. This is especially great for grandparents who can offer the grandkids the movies they love, without buying them. Its easy, fast… and affordab le.”Going page-less.While we already discussed how lovely the traditional book experience is, there are certain conveniences to modern book technologies. And the library will allow you to access these “future books.”“Many libraries offer books on tape,” explained Wolf. “Its a great way to listen to a book on your daily commute or a trip. Some use a subscription-based service. Some may charge a fee but its far below what you pay in the marketplace.”Rent a recipe.Some books are for entertainment or research. Those are the kind that are typically associated with the library. But they aren’t the only ones you can borrow!“People think of novels, biographies, and science fiction, but your local library also carries MANY great (and popular) cookbooks,” offered Wolf. “No need to buy the book, use it at home and write down the recipes worth keeping.”Rent a regional guide.In some ways, guidebooks are the cookbooks of traveling, at least in the sense that they can both be found at the library.“Each time Im planning a trip, I make a visit to the library to borrow travel guides,” explained Bernard Sury, one of the founders of GuruWalk (@guruwalk). “I often find recent editions, contrary to what one might think. Moreover, I can always check back the information while surfing the internet to have new updates. I then decide to rent the one that seems the most useful to take with me during my trip. In this way, I have a quality travel information, without having to pay for a new guide! Better for your budget and for the planet as you usually do not use the guide after your travel.”Making it official.The library is one of the easiest public services to take advantage of. And it can help you use other public services as well!“Your local library is usually a great resource for government forms from taxes to student loans, Medicare, and Veterans benefits,” Wolf told us. “No need to print it out at home, you can get them for free here. They oft en have handbooks and other materials you can borrow to explain the process (not just filling out the form). Most are provided by your local contact for the organization and their contact information is on the form. You can save hours of work knowing where to go for the answers.”Toolin’ around.Your library may have a very different selection than any other given library. And that could extend way beyond books. Which is why you shouldn’t make any assumptions about what your library has until you check for yourself.“Most people know about content borrowing at libraries, which includes books, magazines, newspapers, and movies,” began Michael Alexis, Manager at Library Jobs. “However, libraries are increasingly offering alternative collections that allow them to serve the community. Examples: you may be able to borrow power tools from your library, which is great for one-off projects and could save you hundreds of dollars by not buying your own tools. Some libraries also pro vide access to equipment like 3D printers, which could allow you to experiment with this otherwise expensive hobby or even 3D print some useful objects you would otherwise buy.”Find out what your local library offers as soon as you can. Who knows what things you’ve been paying for that you could have just been borrowing this whole time?To learn more about everyday ways to save money, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:Building Your Financial Life: Budgeting for BeginnersSave More Money with These 40 Expert Tips10 Good Money Habits to Make Your Friends JealousHow to Separate Your “Wants” from Your “Needs”Do you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsMichael Alexis is a former lawyer, and now manages Library Jobs and other projects. Michael lives and works out of a small backpack and holds the top spot on Google for “how to ask for a refund”.Claire and Andy are the owners of thriftyparent.co.uk. They have three kids who eat money, sometimes literally! Theyve done lots of work and research saving money whilst wringing the maximum fun and value from every penny work and research we love to share.Avid traveler and expat,  Bernard Sury  is part of the co-founding team of  GuruWalk(@guruwalk), a global platform of free walking tours based in Spain. You can reach him through  LinkedIn.Holly Wolf  is an executive with over 30 years of experience in banking and healthcare.

The School Of A Charter School - 1396 Words

Being in a charter school, the academic school day is much different than in a public school. My CT, has to have her lesson plan turned in and approved at least 2 weeks prior to the lesson. There is no room for error, let alone the students not understanding any lesson. If a lesson is taught on a Monday, the classroom will be moving on to the next lesson on Tuesday, regardless if the students understand the lesson or not. There is also no differentiation in the classroom. All of the students are given the same materials, lessons and the same amount of help. There are students with IEP’s and students with their English at basic proficiency levels. The only time that instruction is differentiated is when one specific student struggles with†¦show more content†¦The students should be instructed to use scaffolding and the teacher should be able to gage when the students are starting to understand the information and send the individuals to their seats as she sees fit. When it comes to differentiated instruction, there is none. When it comes to the student whose L1 is not English, she is stuck guessing on many of their assessments. Many times, the language of the test is content-specific academic language, which is much more difficult for the individual to understand. This could easily be adjusted by, making sure the student is taught the specific language throughout the lesson and unit. Another course of action would be to differentiate the assessment by adjusting the language so that the L2 is comprehensible to the student. Language Allocation in Classroom Within the Spanish speaking community at this charter school, there is little to no L1 used during the school day. The students’ instruction does now allow for the individuals L1 to be used. Occasionally, when the students are not having a silent lunch or when they are given recess, there will be murmurs in the students L1. Aside from the occasional conversations during recess or lunch time, the students do not speak in their native language at school. The teacher doesShow MoreRelatedCharter Schools : A Public School Or A Charter School?1674 Words   |  7 Pagestheir child no matter if the school is a public school or a charter school. The passing of this ballot will allow the approval of twelve new charter schools or enrollment to increase by 1% statewide in already existing charter schools by the state Board of Elementary and Secondary Education each year. Hearing about charter schools expanding would gain the supporters of those who have a child on a waiting list. There are those who already have a child in a public school and worries that passing thisRead MoreThe School Of Charter Schools Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesoriginally proposed he mission of charter schools as schools where â€Å"groups of teachers should be able to run their own schools within regular schools and to pursue innovative ways of educating disaffected students.† Observe the evolution of charter schools. How are charter schools these days different? Are these differences, in your opinion, good or bad? (p. 286) †¢ Friedman believed that although â€Å"there would be all-white schools, all-black schools, and mixed schools†, choice is of paramount importanceRead MoreCharter Schools Vs. School Schools1261 Words   |  6 Pagesthe charters providing an avenue of escape for some, it hasn’t been for the majority,† (Zernike 4). In some cities charter schools are educating more that half the students in some American cities (Zernike 1). These charter schools make promises to parents and students that are hard to pass up in many cities, where public education is lacking and private education is out of reach for many. Charter schools exist all across America, in forty-two states and Washington D.C.(Oliver). These charter schoolsRead MoreCharter Schools Are The Best Schools1608 Words   |  7 PagesCharter schools offer much more than public schools do, like smaller classrooms and extended one-on-one time. Charter schools are â€Å"independent entities that have received a charter, which is a set of self-written rules (and promises) about how the school will be structured and run† (Pascual, 2016, The Truth About Charter Schools). This means that they have their own rules that work for the children and meet their individual needs. The schools could change the rules, as generations change, to accommodateRead MoreCharter School Vs. Public Schools974 Words   |  4 PagesSuccess Why choose to go to Charter School rather than public school? Charter schools are public school of choice, meaning families choose for their children. Federal legislation provides grants to help charters to manage start-up costs. They create better educational opportunities for the students therefore they have higher expectations in teaching. Charter Schools and zoned (public) schools are tuition free but unfortunately not everyone can get in to Charter school, since it works by lotteryRead MoreCharter Schools And The School Voucher System806 Words   |  4 Pagesdue to economic factors or cultural factors. Often parents are concerned about topics being taught in schools. The result of this is the existence of charter schools and the school voucher system. Charter schools are less regulated, private institutions which receive taxpayer funding. School voucher systems provide monetary assistance to qualifying students which allow them to attend private schools. This is shown as a w ay to provide parents with options concerning their child’s education. HoweverRead MoreCharter Schools Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesCharter Schools: The Future of Education? For decades the American education system provided parents with three choices: public, homeschool or private school. If they chose public then their child(ren) would be assigned to a school past on where they lived. However , â€Å"in the early 1990s a handful of states created independent public charter schools, providing opportunities for teachers and others to develop innovative schooling options â€Å" (Palmer, Louann 2007). Not only did the creation ofRead MoreCharter Schools Vs Public Schools1199 Words   |  5 PagesCharter schools are defined as a publicly funded school, established as an autonomous institution with educational goals set by it board, and operating by contract or charter with local school board or state. (oed.com). Since these schools are privatized, many parents believe they are somehow better performing than neighborhood public schools. Charter schools rely on convincing data to justify the practice of privatizing schools, data that shows high performing students. However, they hide the factRead MoreThe Opinion Of Charter Schools1687 Words   |  7 Pages As I began working on this essay, my first step was to google charter school news articles. One of the first two articles that I came across was from a well known conservative news source. The other was published in a prominent outlet for liberal news. I was amazed at the polar opposite views that the two sources had on the subject and decided to see if this dichotomy continued in other news outlets as well. I then looked up a ranking of various news sources as liberal or conservative. IRead MoreThe Implementation Of Charter Schools1505 Words   |  7 Pages Implementation of charter schools in LAUSD by George Szabo Introduction to Public Management and Policy POSC / CRJU 320 Dr. Samuel B. Stone California State University, Fullerton September 29, 2015 $490-million dollar plan In California there is frequent debate over the performance of public schools throughout the state. It is known that many of the state’s public schools are poorly funded and lay in disrepair. It is also accompanied by bad test scores and underperforming students which

Sample Persuasive Message - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1274 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Type Persuasive essay Did you like this example? Sample persuasive message COMM/470 Communicating In The Virtual Workplace Electronic commerce has become a part of everyday lives. Many retail choices available through the Internet, which can save time, effort, and provide a greater selection. Electronic retailers (e tailers) realize this has become an increasingly competitive environment. These retailers must not only find new customers but also retain the existing customers. As with any retail-company, business research is vital for their existence. E-tailers must understand customer behaviors to serve their customers and help understand the decision process customers go through prior to making a purchase. The purpose of this paper is to identify three behaviors inherent in electronic retailing (e-tailing). A discussion related to the communications medium in which each behavior occurs, along with explanations regarding how each medium enables e-commerce. Analysis of each behavior using communication processes, including purpose, sender, receiver, message, environment, noise, technology, and feedback. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sample Persuasive Message" essay for you Create order In addition, the development and review of a sample persuasive message aimed at a virtual audience. E-tailing behaviors When a consumer begins to search for a product or service on the Internet, consumers consider many factors. Most consumers will gravitate to trusted brand names as a starting point in a product search because they have established a bond of trust with a name through traditional brick and mortar retailers and successful history. The behavioral e-tailing consumer model can be broken down into three areas, the product, the process, and the partnership. The intent of electronic retailers is to intervene at every level to influence the buyer’s decision and gain trust and loyalty to ensure a repeat visit to their site or subsequent sale. The first behavior in the consumer model is the product or service search. Independent and uncontrollable variables influenced the product search (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). These are personal and environmental characteristics like age, gender, culture, and lifestyle. The intervening or moderating variables are within the control of the vendor. The factors like price, variety of products, and services is how e- tailers can intervene and influence the initial search. The communications mediums used by e-tailers are pricing and advertisement via the Internet on their own and advertising websites along with e-mail. The use of their brand name and promotional Internet banners will also drive a consumer toward a specific product or service for further research and eventually a purchase. Using the communication model, the sender (consumer) begins to search the Internet looking for a product (purpose). The Internet (technology) returns the information with advertisements and pricing (receiver), and the feedback given directs the sender to the specific area. This medium enables e-commerce by linking prospective consumers to specific websites to find more information about the products and services. The second behavior in the consumer model is the purchase phase. The purchase phase, largely influenced by the e-tailer through offering free shipping, convenience of secure online payments and price comparisons. The e-tailer strategies are prevalent in this phase. Some e-tailers may offer sample or trial services for a short period. Others interact with the consumer to make recommendations on a specific product. They may offer a live chat to help the consumer feel comfortable with the purchase. The communication medium used at this phase may vary. It can be a â€Å"live chat† or it may be a secure website used for the financial transaction. The e-tailer can offer the consumer a variety of options at this point, which include warranty purchases or express shipping. In the communication process, the e-tailer (sender) provides the consumer (receiver) with purchasing options and many customer service advantages (purpose). The noise during the transaction will normally be minimal because the sender (vendor) wants to ensure the purchasing phase is pleasant and enjoyable. This medium enables e-commerce because a good online purchase experience will ensure a return customer and purchase. The final phase in the behavioral process involves the â€Å"partnership† or the post-purchase phase. This is when the e-tailer continues to provide information to the consumer in the effort to build a relationship to facilitate further purchases and services. The e-tailer may send the consumer a feedback survey. They may offer a discount coupon for use on future purposes. The intent is to build customer loyalty. Using browser-tracking cookies, the e-tailer personalizes the website to make the consumer feel comfortable during the next visit to the site. The e-tailer will capture information like preferred name, credit card data for future purchases and buying preferences. They will also send e-mail promotions on related products. The medium used in this phase can be e-mail and the website. This medium enables e-commerce because the e-mails normally provide links to the e-commerce site for easy access of purchases. Using the communication model, the vendor (sender) would transmit the message to the consumer (receiver) to incite a repeat purchase (purpose). The technology is the e-mail with the link to their site. The noise is minimal, and the feedback will be when the consumer opens the link. The behaviors inherent to e-tailing enable the e-commerce world and allow consumers to become more comfortable with using these new shopping mediums. Sample Persuasive Messages Persuasive writing requires writers to persuade others to see the benefit in a suggestion or course of action. In order for a persuasive message to be effective, the sender must have a degree of credibility. The sender should have an expertise in the area, be trustworthy, and appear excited about the proposal. An effective, persuasive message should contain a few key components. It should grab the attention of the recipient. It should maintain interest by stating a benefit or filling a known need. It should generate a desire in the recipient by using emotional or logical appeal. The final component is to end with an action statement. The writer must be clear about what they specifically want the recipient to do. Example of a persuasive message aimed at a virtual audience â€Å"Are you tired of writing checks to pay bills, and dealing with the hassle of postage stamps? You can save approximately $100 a year and pay bills on line from the convenience of your home or office, by using our free online â€Å"Bill Pay† service. You will not have to worry about due dates and other fraud issues associated with mailing bills. We can provide safe and secure payment delivery guaranteed. Just follow the link below, and in three easy steps, will be on your way to worry-free bill payment. Sign up today and start saving now! † The above message included the all the necessary components for a persuasive message. This message enabled e-commerce by providing a link to generate the online bill payment. This is an example of how e-tailers can generate business through persuasive e-mails using a logical approach. Conclusion Electronic retailers have implemented strategic measures into their websites and other communication mediums to generate customer loyalty and locate new customers. This paper reviewed three behaviors inherent in e-tailing. Also discussed, were the communication mediums used when each behavior occurred and developed the connection regarding how each enabled e-commerce. The communication model aided in analyzing the behavior and how it fits into the model. Also described, were the components of a persuasive message. A persuasive message, developed with these components, demonstrated how it would enable e-commerce. By using the combinations of e-mail and other virtual mediums, e tailing can become a boundless source for retailers in the future. References Roebuck, D. B. Mckenney, M. A. (2006) Improving Business Communication Skills. 4th Ed. Person Education. Turban, E. , King, D. , McKay, J. , Marshall, P. , Lee, J. , Viehland, D. (2008). Electronic Commerce 2008: A managerial perspective (5th Ed. ) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall

To What Extent Can Language Shape Our Beliefs Free Essays

TO WHAT EXTENT CAN LANGUAGE SHAPE OUR BELIEFS? Language is all around us. We use it for all kinds of things like expressing our feelings, describing things, talking with our friends and family and writing literature. We may think that we know what language really means, but can we really be sure about that? More importantly, to what extent can language actually shape our beliefs? Well I think it depends on different people. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Can Language Shape Our Beliefs? or any similar topic only for you Order Now With some examples I will try to show that usage of language is more complicated then many of us think. If we look how scientists express themselves. Most of them believe in some kind of facts. They believe that everything on this planet can be explained by facts, with words that we can find in different dictionaries. And this words are not so hard to explain. So if I would be a scientist, I would probably say, that the most important theory of meaning is the definition theory. I would say that, because I would believe that I can explain anything, let’s say mathematics, with words that we found in dictionaries. And definition theory says that meanings are to be found in dictionary. So if we believe in something, that has a meaning in dictionary, can we know what we believe in? But if we look at artists, how can they express themselves? How can they express what they believe in? Definitely, they do not support definition theory. If an actor wants to express love, he cannot look in dictionary and find its definition. He must make some kind of image in his head for which he thinks, it is the best meaning of love. In that case, image theory is the most appropriate one, because this theory says that meanings are found in our minds. He just makes an image and he can tell everybody else, what they believe that love is. But, if we cannot find the exact meaning of word, can we believe in something that we just thought about ourselves? Can we believe in our image without thinking about ideas of other people? In my opinion, you cannot express yourself completely by definition theory or image theory. You must believe in both of them. If you find a word in a dictionary, you only know what it means and I think that is not enough. You can know its meaning, but sometimes you must make your own image in your head. But in the other hand, if you find meanings mostly in your head, you can make mistakes and change the true meaning of the word. So mathematician shouldn’t just rely on facts, he should also express his own ideas, even if they are not proved. And an artist should know that there are some meanings, that just cannot be changed and he must leave them as they are. I think that everybody in this world is more a scientist or more an artist. We must know that there are certain facts that we must believe in like a scientist does, but there are also a lot of things, which we can give our own meaning and believe in them. Language can’t totally shape our beliefs, but it is up to us, if we stick to language as it is or if we look beyond it. How to cite To What Extent Can Language Shape Our Beliefs?, Essay examples To What Extent Can Language Shape Our Beliefs Free Essays TO WHAT EXTENT CAN LANGUAGE SHAPE OUR BELIEFS? Language is all around us. We use it for all kinds of things like expressing our feelings, describing things, talking with our friends and family and writing literature. We may think that we know what language really means, but can we really be sure about that? More importantly, to what extent can language actually shape our beliefs? Well I think it depends on different people. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Can Language Shape Our Beliefs? or any similar topic only for you Order Now With some examples I will try to show that usage of language is more complicated then many of us think. If we look how scientists express themselves. Most of them believe in some kind of facts. They believe that everything on this planet can be explained by facts, with words that we can find in different dictionaries. And this words are not so hard to explain. So if I would be a scientist, I would probably say, that the most important theory of meaning is the definition theory. I would say that, because I would believe that I can explain anything, let’s say mathematics, with words that we found in dictionaries. And definition theory says that meanings are to be found in dictionary. So if we believe in something, that has a meaning in dictionary, can we know what we believe in? But if we look at artists, how can they express themselves? How can they express what they believe in? Definitely, they do not support definition theory. If an actor wants to express love, he cannot look in dictionary and find its definition. He must make some kind of image in his head for which he thinks, it is the best meaning of love. In that case, image theory is the most appropriate one, because this theory says that meanings are found in our minds. He just makes an image and he can tell everybody else, what they believe that love is. But, if we cannot find the exact meaning of word, can we believe in something that we just thought about ourselves? Can we believe in our image without thinking about ideas of other people? In my opinion, you cannot express yourself completely by definition theory or image theory. You must believe in both of them. If you find a word in a dictionary, you only know what it means and I think that is not enough. You can know its meaning, but sometimes you must make your own image in your head. But in the other hand, if you find meanings mostly in your head, you can make mistakes and change the true meaning of the word. So mathematician shouldn’t just rely on facts, he should also express his own ideas, even if they are not proved. And an artist should know that there are some meanings, that just cannot be changed and he must leave them as they are. I think that everybody in this world is more a scientist or more an artist. We must know that there are certain facts that we must believe in like a scientist does, but there are also a lot of things, which we can give our own meaning and believe in them. Language can’t totally shape our beliefs, but it is up to us, if we stick to language as it is or if we look beyond it. How to cite To What Extent Can Language Shape Our Beliefs?, Essays

Using Close Analysis of the Text free essay sample

Their influence to this type old literature can be seen in later romantic/horror novels such as Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Bram Stoker’s Dracula. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre has been argued to be a gothic novel and a romance with the themes that make up the gothic. In the book we have three main sets in which the supernatural and other strange events happen. These are: †¢The Red Room in which Jane is locked up at the beginning of the book †¢Thornfield and its surrounding in which Jane learns about the mystery of Grace Poole †¢St John’s house where she hears Rochester’s voice When we look at the setting of the Red Room, we instantly have to look at the colour psychology behind red. Red can represent danger, fear, and death so instantly we know that Jane is being sent to a room where evil lies, bad things will occur inside the room. Examples of this is when Jane believes she has seen the ghost of Mr Reed rise from the dead, â€Å"a light gleamed on the wall†, she is clearly afraid of the room since someone died in there, linking back to the colour association of death. Thornfield hall has two settings, inside the castle and outside. Inside the castle is where all bad things happen, the â€Å"goblin† laughter at night, the fire in Rochester’s room, Mason’s attack etc. It is even the place where â€Å"one would almost say that, if there were a ghost, this would be its haunt†, We can see that Thornfield Hall is a cursed castle. Even Rochester himself feels threatened and hunted inside this dungeon, â€Å"come where there is some freshness†¦this house is a mere dungeon†, Rochester needs to find some light, he wants to get away from all his worries. On the other hand outside is where all good things happen. It is where Jane and Rochester admit their love for each other, where they meet for first time, etc. St. John’s house is similar to the setting outside Thornfield hall. Many good events happen to Jane after she meets St John. She inherits a fortune, learns that he is a relative to her and, most importantly, she hears Rochester’s desperation to have her back. An important element in the Gothic theme is the building up of mystery and suspense. Bronte is able to master suspense and tension throughout the novel by introducing new characters which we only find out more about them as the novel passes and by the way Jane behaves. In the Red Room for example, Jane describes it as a â€Å"a spare chamber, very seldom slept in: I might say never† by saying that no one has slept in this room it makes the reader ask themselves why and so the tension around Jane is increased as she reveals more and more secrets about the room, she makes the reader think that it is an evil room. She later describes it as the â€Å"room was chill, because it seldom had fire† we can associate the chill as being cold, a cold room meaning emotionless and dark, it lacks warmth meaning that it lacks security, you would not feel good in this room because of the temperature of it. You can also argue that this can reflect her emotions since she has no one to look up to, no one to take care of her and so she feels cold and insecure. She is unhappy and lacks the warmth of a loved one to comfort her. As she spends more time inside the room, she begins to reveal the mysteries behind the room such as Mr Reed dying inside it nine years ago. This instantly increases the atmosphere of the room now that we have a supernatural presence inside. Jane is just a small child at that time and we need to look at the psychological view behind it. Children believe most of the stories that adults tell them and so she has been tormented by her Aunt that if she is a bad girl â€Å"God will punish her†, she thinks that inside that room a ghost or a demonical being will attack her in her dark. Darkness making everything more sinister since it is considered to be the home of evil. Bronte describes this supernatural presence around Jane by using the furniture inside the room, â€Å"the bed rose before me; to my right hand there was the high, dark wardrobe† Bronte makes the furniture look big so that Jane feels small and weak creating more tension within this room because it is a dangerous place for a child to be kept in since she could easily injure herself. Add the presence of the supernatural making the room feel even more insecure. Jane even describes the room as â€Å"no jail was ever more secure† she feels locked up in this place of evil and thinks she wont be able to get out. To increase the dark atmosphere that is already inside the room, â€Å"twilight† begins to set in. Twilight is considered to be the place where there is neither darkness nor light therefore there is no sense of conscience and you don’t know what could happen, making Jane more terrified of the room because it would soon be night time and the dark atmosphere would increase. As night time settles, Jane begins to witness the supernatural she describes the event as: â€Å"a light gleamed on the wall. Was it, I asked myself, a ray from the moon penetrating some aperture in the blind? No moonlight was still, and this stirred†¦. † she is clearly nervous of what is happening around her and is beginning to see supernatural events which are clearly lights from outside, also her use of short sentences shows the fear that she has inside now that she may be beginning to loose control over what she sees, she imagines what would be considered to be logical events if she was not scared. Despite being called a romance instead of a gothic novel, you can argue that the chapter inside the Red Room is actually more Gothic Horror themed than A. Radcliffes The Mysteries of Udolpho in the sense of tension and atmosphere. In pages 227-228 of Mysteries we are given the description of the Gothic ruined castle which Emily is sent to, nevertheless we are not given any signs of something supernatural or dark presence inside since we do not see Emily take any dramatic actions. Here in the Red Room we can gradually see the increase of terror within Jane as her sentences begin to shorten meaning that she is getting more nervous and how she begins to think about the ghost Mr Reed and the furniture begin taller than her, signs of the supernatural. Thornfield Hall is different to the Red Rom since mystery is now built up around the story of Grace Poole and what happens in the third storey. For example at the beginning Thornfield hall is described as a modern, comfortable house, â€Å"admiring as I went; for all was well arranged and handsome†, but mystery is added when the third storey is explored, e. g. Mr Rochester refusing to do anything about Grace Poole despite all that is happening â€Å"I see you would ask why I keep such a woman in my house†, but we come to find out that the upper storey is all symbolic of Rochester’s dark past. When Jane enters Thornfield we are given the feeling of a normal castle. But then we are introduced to the mystery of the third floor. We, as the reader, are given the first sign of something sinister lurking up there through Jane’s description of â€Å"these relics gave to the third storey of Thornfield Hall the aspect of the home of the past-a shrine of memory† and what Mrs Fairfax says that â€Å"if there were a ghost at Thornfield Hall, this would be its haunt†. The third storey is the opposite of the bottom two floors of Thornfield, instead of a comfortable house we get a sense of danger and disturb ness. Also we learn of Rochester’s past that they had been â€Å"rather a violent than a quiet race†. Some cultures, like Japanese, say that if a person is killed through an attack of pure anger or his wishes are not done in Earth, they would rise from the dead and seek revenge. If someone was killed in Thornfield, their ghost would still be inside this castle creating an atmosphere of suspense, and who? Creating mystery behind Rochester’s past. Jane believes that Grace Poole is responsible for many of the mysterious events that occur at Thornfield Hall, thus creating mystery around Jane’s surroundings. Similar to the event that happened in the red room, many appearances of Grace’s event occur at night, where evil is supposed to occur. The first time she hears â€Å"Grace† laugh she describes it as a â€Å"demonic laugh† and a â€Å"goblin† telling us that what she is hearing is not human, its something evil meaning that Thornfield is cursed with a dammed soul, its not a safe place for anyone. Suspense begins to build when Jane begins to describe her surroundings using her senses: â€Å"I was amazed to perceive the air quite dim, as if filled with smoke: and, while looking to the right hand and left, to find where these blue wreaths issued, I became of a strong smell of burning†. The image the reader gets is that of a dark room with smoke, and then we begin to imagine a â€Å"strong smell of burning†. Something bad is happening and we question who did this? Does it have something to do with the goblin and demonic laughs? Was it Grace Poole? There are many questions raised but with no answers. After Jane saves Rochester, he begins to ask her questions such as if she saw anything when she came out, if she heard anything, etc. We must first wonder why he is asking those questions. What does he have to hide that he does not want Jane to see, although at the end we find out that person responsible for all the disaster is actually his crazy wife who is locked up in the third floor, we don’t know anything about her at this point and so we can only assume that he feels sympathy for Grace Poole since he is not willing to take her out of the house. Another unusual event that happens at night is when Jane is summoned to the attic to aid Mr Mason. We first get an idea of how it felt at night as Jane describes â€Å"a shilling sound that ran from end to end of Thornfield hall. My pulse stopped: my heart stood still† By using signs of vitality such as the hearts and pulse stopping we know that she is feeling a presence of death and danger in that house. Mr Rochester later comes to ask for her assistance, but why her? Why not Mrs Fairfax? Is it linked with the fire that she was the only one who heard the noises? Once more we have a lot of question which we cannot yet answer. Then he asks her for a â€Å"sponge† and â€Å"volatile salts†, now these are two items which were used as first aid to help someone injured so we instantly know something bas has happened, then we must wonder if it’s linked to the appearance of Mr Mason. He also asks her if she â€Å"don’t turn sick at the sight of blood† here we have gothic language, blood symbolizing darkness that something terrible ahs happened and help is needed as fast as possible. She then sees Mr Mason, terribly injured. Rochester gives Jane instructions on what to do: â€Å"you will sponge the blood as I do when it returns† notice that he uses it to describe someone, dehumanising Grace Poole treating her as if she is a demon. He also tell Mason that it will â€Å"be the peril of your life if you speak to her† meaning that there is something hidden behind this attack. Notice that Jane is asked to do all of this without answers adding on to the mystery of the attack. Another thing that is interesting is that Mason also does as he is told; he does not speak, but why? This attack could jeopardize Rochester’s tatus yet he does nothing about it, adding on to more mystery. Another aspect of the typical Gothic novel is that of an ancient prophecy. It’s hard to consider and write about past and present, and at the same time considering the future. In Jane Eyre we do not see an ancient prophecy in Thornfield Hall except that the â€Å"Rochester’s have been a rather violent than a quiet race† showing that there may be a sense of the supernatural inside the house. The same goes for the Red Room, although Jane tells us of Mr Reed’s ghost to rise from the dead, it is not a full prophecy since it is not supposed to happen. According to research â€Å"Prophecy in a broad sense, is the prediction of future events or the speaking of divine words (divine Revelation) through chosen human messengers (prophets). †I do not believe there is a prophecy to be fulfilled within the book initially because we do not know the past of Thornfield hall, there is no legend behind any of the events that occur, and because what happens between Jane and Rochester, such as falling in love, is the outcome of what they have been through together. Although I find it hard to believe there is a prophecy, there are many inexplicable and supernatural events which occur throughout the novel. Once more the Red room, which I consider to be the most Gothic chapter of the novel, is filled with unusual events. We must first start with the fact, as described before, that it is a beautiful room, with â€Å"a bed supported on massive pillars of mahogany, hung with curtains of a deep red damask† yet it is unused showing that it is an isolated room and that something evil or supernatural, believed to be the ghost of Mr Reed, lurks inside it. The furniture itself gives an image of the supernatural haunting the room, she says there is â€Å"great looking-glass† now this may not appear to be much but if we look at it from a psychological view we have the idea of mirrors, an instant image of you but on ‘another side’, the idea of your soul being captured by an object. She says that in the glass she views her reflection as â€Å"the strange little figure there gazing at me with a white face and arms specking the gloom and glittering eyes of fear† She is scaring herself inside the room which could be an effect of the supernatural acting upon her. Jane is also paranoid about her uncle rising from the dead while she is inside the room to take revenge of the people that have failed to do as he wished when he died, â€Å"I began to recall what I had heard of dead men, troubled in tehir graves by the violation of their last wishes† she would appreciate him coming back to avenge her but she doesn’t want to see him rise while she is inside. At Thornfield, many of the supernatural or inexplicable events are associated with the â€Å"laugh† that jane hears most nights. Notice that every time she hears the laugh she calls it â€Å"Demoniac, Goblin, It, Something, Devil, Thing† she dehumanizes the laugh and considers it to be a supernatural creature, demon, or a possessed person; this shows the dark nature of the book instead of a sweet romance. Jane then smells burning coming from Rochester’s room and sees â€Å"tongues of flames† around his bed. Another appearance of the supernatural, he couldn’t feel anything or sense the warmth of the fire and so this could have only been performed through dark arts. After waking him up, Jane informs him about what she has seen and â€Å"the step ascending to the third storey†, whatever supernatural creature is on Thornfield, it is finding refuge in the third storey which adds on to the mystery of the floor. In chapter 20 more of the supernatural creature is described, though this time it begins to be given a form. Jane mentions that she had â€Å"to listen for the movements of the wild beast or fiend†, she instantly discards the possibility of being human because of the actions and noises she hears, it can only be a demon. The idea of the demon brings up the theme of life after death, that if you’re good you go to heaven and if you are bad you go to hell. Jane remembers that the Rochester’s were â€Å"rather a violent race† and so this could be the demon of one of them, or the demon of Grace Poole. Backing up the evidence of a demon presence in the house is Mason’s injuries, â€Å"This wound was not done with a knife; there have been teeth here†, showing some animal nature in the one responsible for the injuries. We know that it is in fact Rochester’s wife who is mentally sick but for a first tiem reader they would be shocked to read this and they too would think that there is a wild beast/demon roaming around the house, or even question the sanity of Grace Poole. Mason also states that â€Å"She sucked the blood† Firstly he says she so the reader knows that it had to be Grace Poole and then he exclaims that his blood was sucked out. We begin to get the image of a vampire, a true demon, a creature of the night. At these times children were brought up to believe stories about these beings, Jane has been scared since childhood by her aunt and so she will be terrified of imagining Grace Poole as a vampire around the house. This would also explain why all mysterious and strange things happen at night, because vampires are nocturnal creatures, nevertheless could not be Grace Poole since Jane has met her already and it was in the morning which would lead to the conclusion that the vampire is not Grace Poole but another unknown identity. We see this image of the vampire once more the night before Jane’s wedding. A mysterious person comes into her room and destroys her wedding veil. She says that â€Å"The shape standing before me had never crossed my eyes within the precincts of Thornfield† we now get a new character that Jane had never seen before, she calls it â€Å"foul German Spectre-the vampire† we have received a link with Mason’s encounter and we know that this could be the person which has caused all the mischief at Thornfield and Grace Poole was just a scapegoat. The last encounter of the Supernatural occurs at the House of St. Johns. Jane begins to hear the voice of Rochester cry â€Å"Jane! Jane! Jane! † even though he can’t find him he can hear his voice, as if there is a link. She can hear him because he needs her. This all goes back to their first encounter which is supposed to be a ‘fairytale’ meeting, they were supposed to meet, Jane being the girl needing help from a dominant male, Rochester. The first time that we hear about Rochester is when Jane enters Thornfield Hall, at the beginning he is not present but we get a general idea of what he is like through Mrs. Fairfax’s description of him, â€Å"His character is unimpeachable†¦he has travelled a great deal†¦I dare say he is clever† we get an idea of a powerful wealthy man who is well respected by many. Since Jane falls in love for him we get a wilder description of him, when she meets him for the first time she describes his face as â€Å"a new picture introduced into the gallery of memory†¦firstly, because it was masculine, secondly because it was dark, strong and stern† and later in the novel when he touches her in the face, â€Å" ‘Is that a dream? said he, placing it close to my eyes. He had a rounded, muscular, and vigorous hand as well as a long, strong arm† It is evident that it is the first time that Jane is close to a man because of her God-like descriptions of him as if he is the stuff dreams are made off, this shows the amount of respect that she hold for him and the desire to be with him forever. Additionally at the end of the no vel she becomes dominant herself since she leaves St. Johns house for Rochester without anybody telling her, â€Å"I broke form St. Johns†¦My powers were in play and in force†, you can give credit for Rochester to have given Jane the strength she needed to make her own choices since they spend a lot of time together. Rochester also feels as if he is meant to be Jane’s protector in life. In various occasions He calls himself â€Å"Her Shepherd† when he is talking to him about her dreams, he wants her to feel as if he is her guardian and without him she will be defenceless, he is her strong masculine figure. He tries to confort her also by using metonyms, to make her comfortable after the destruction of the wedding veil he puts her free of worries since it ‘is a lovely night†. He not only stands as her protector, he is the leader of Thornfield Hall. In the night that Mason is attacked, everyone wakes up in the middle night and he is the one that calms them down, â€Å"All’s right-all’s right†, everyone trusts him and if he is saying that everything is ok then they don’t have to worry about anything because he has everything under control, showing how people look up to him as a guardian. Although people look up to him, most of the time his actions will only benefit him. For example the night that Jane is summoned to the attic, he tells Mason to forget the experience he has had, â€Å" ‘I wish I could forget it’ was the answer, â€Å"You will when you are out of the country†¦Ã¢â‚¬  since we know that Mason was attacked by his sister, who is Rochester’s wife who is mentally ill, Rochester wants him to forget about it so that he doesn’t come back to cause any more trouble about her or tell anyone since everybody thinks Rochester is single. He also wants Mason out of the house before everyone awakes so that nobody know about the attack thus the secrecy of his wife is not exposed. Also he doesn’t want to Jane to know anything about Grace Poole or the mysterious events that occur at Thornfield Hall until after they â€Å"have been married a year and a day† because he knows that if she knows that he is already married then she would leave him and he would have an unhappy life, he does everything for his benefit. Rochester is not the only male dominant figure in the book. Back in Jane’s childhood the young Reed also resembles the power of males in the house. When locked up, she screams â€Å"unjust, unjust† knowing that what she did was not her fault, yet she got blamed for it and suffers the consequence. This shows that her cousins only believe what the young Reed says, just as if a full grown man told them hat to do. Throughout the book Jane is supposed to be the damsel in distress which is critical in the Gothic theme. The damsel in distress is the character in which we are supposed to feel sorry for in the novel, the character which usually has the worst experiences. We feel sorry for Jane since the beginning of the book when she is locked away in the Red Room as a young child. Notice that she asks â€Å"Why was I always suffering, always browbeaten, always accused, forever condemned? the child is clearly suffering, her aunts have brought her to believe that everything is her fault and that even when she doesn’t do any harm she will still get the blame for it. She also believes that she is â€Å"condemned†, that she is stuck with her uncles forever and so will never get any justice in her life. It is hard to not feel sympathy for her at this stage firstly because sh e is a young girl and second because we know that she hasn’t done anything wrong and yet she is making herself suffer. Although she suffers from guilt she also scares herself while she is inside the room. She strongly believes that Mr Reed will rise from the dead to avenge her for all the cruel things her aunt have done, yet she doesn’t want hi ghost to comfort her, â€Å"fearful lest any sign of violent grief might waken a preternatural voice to comfort me† so we cant just blame her aunts for scaring her, she is also scaring herself at the same time inside this room with all her superstitions. When her aunts open the door Jane quickly gets â€Å"hold of Bessie’s hand, and she did not snatch it from me† Jane believes that everything is alright since Bessie does not let go of her hand, but she s locked up again because her aunt and cousins believe that â€Å"She has screamed on purpose† so they are still making her experience more miserable than it already is even though she is begging for her life, â€Å"Oh aunt! Have pity! Forgive me! † this child is terrified to death from this room and her aunt is only traumatizing her more by keeping her l ocked in for longer. Gothic novels are supposed to shock people, and we usually feel the most shock when young children are tortured since they may live with those harmful experiences for the rest of their lives. During the Victorian time, children were forced to believe about the spirits of the dead roaming in the world, we see this traditional culture when Jane sees Rochester’s horse approaching her for the first time, she â€Å"remembered certain of Bessie’s tales, wherein figured a North-of-England called a ‘Gytrash’; which, in the form of a horse, mule, or a large dog, haunted solitary ways, and sometimes came upon belated travellers, as this horse was now coming upon me†, Although she is grown up she still suffers from the fear of the ghost stories she was told at a young age and believes that now the fearful object, the spectre of the legend, is coming to get her. What is interesting is how she describes Rochester after their first meeting admits that she â€Å"felt no fear of him, but a little shyness† meaning that could be some sort of guardian or hero to her in the future; it can be portrayed as an Omen since they eventually marry each other. She also says later on that she wants to â€Å"hear his voice again, yet feared to meet his eye† showing that she needs him, probably because she might feel more secure around him or she feels stronger and braver with him. During the night is where we see most of Jane’s fears come out. The setting of night time makes Thornfield more sinister and mysterious than it is in the morning so we are going to experience a different Thornfield, you could argue that Jane experiences the ‘true’ nature of Thornfield since most of Rochester’s past is exposed at night such as: †¢His mad wife roaming throughout the house †¢Mason comes in and is viciously attacked †¢At night he is almost killed She reports that at nights â€Å"something gurgled and moaned† and wonders â€Å"Was That Grace Poole? and â€Å"is she possessed with a devil† she strongly believes that what she is hearing at night, whether its Grace Poole or not, is definitely not human but a demon from hell and so she frequently refers to the laughter as ‘it’. When she is summoned into the attic she is left alone with Mason. Firstly she is left alone with a complete stranger to her, she does not know who he is and second he is extremely injured and is bleeding to death. She has no idea of what has happened and only hears him scream from time to time â€Å"the poor man groaned; he looked as if he dare not to move; fear, either of death or something else† she has not idea of what happened to this poor man and is scared that the â€Å"mocking demon’ that this to him will come back and attack her as well. Jane has the right to know what is going on in the strange house yet she does not ask about it adding more to the mystery and background of not only Thornfield but of Rochester himself. The reader is led to think of Jane as the damsel in distress of the book not only because of the way she interacts with problems or with other characters, but also because how the others treat her. Rochester is always calling her â€Å"My pet lamb†, â€Å"mermaid†, etc and asks her â€Å"You wandered out of the fold to see your shepherd† (referring to himself) and â€Å"You don’t turn sick at the sight of blood† lie as if she’s inferior, the reader may ask himself why she wants to be with this man who thinks of himself as a superior being and underestimates women’s capacities. The answer is that at Victorian times women were treated the same way. Bronte wanted women to be as equal as men and the only way which she could accomplish her task was if men would realize how badly they treat them. Although the storyline is what you would consider as romantic the language, however, is very dark sinister, Goth. When Rochester falls of his horse he addresses her as a ‘witch’, a person who wanted to do something bad on purpose to see others suffer. A witch is a practitioner of witchcraft which is considered to be supernatural or dark powers. Since they are part of the supernatural then they would be associated with the devil and evil. Grace Poole is another important character in the novel that is associated with the image of darkness and the supernatural. At first Jane dehumanizes her by calling her ‘it’ because of her ‘daemonic laugh† which she hears at night. This creates the impressions that house is cursed with demons that may be linked with the past of Rochester’s family. An even more gruesome image of ‘the demon’ is painted when we hear Mason speak of his attack. Jane describes â€Å"one arm, was almost soaked in blood† and â€Å"the wound was not done with a knife: there have been teeth here! † we imagine that whoever attacked Mason is not human because of the savage way in which he has been attacked, he even declares that â€Å"She worried me like a tigress†, he was attacked the same way a wild animal would attack, ripping its prey. The last Gothic description we obtain is when Jane sees Rochester’s wife in the dark destroying her wedding veil. Remember that at this stage of the book we don’t know that Rochester has a wife so the introduction of this unknown identity increases the Gothic atmosphere around Thornfield now that we have this wild figure roaming about who is probably responsible for everything. First of all notice how Jane felt when the figure entered the room, â€Å"my blood crept cold through my veins†, this relates back to loneliness. Remember that she felt cold whilst she was locked up in the cold room so we have all those experiences coming back. Also feeling cold means that she experienced death itself, hell is sometimes referenced to an arctic wasteland. She begins to describe her face as â€Å"a discoloured face† again referencing back to being cold, death, and no emotions. â€Å"It was a savage face† relating back to Masons attack of a ‘savage beast’, she wishes she could â€Å"forget the roll of the red eyes and the fearful blackened inflation† al those words red eyes, fearful blackened inflation this are Gothic description representing death and the after life, what may happen, what you may look like. Even Rochester himself implies â€Å"Ghosts are usually pale† this is his own wife he is talking about! The image of tyrannical male, Gothic characteristics of an anti-hero. Jane continues describing the ‘spectre’ as: †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"brow furrered† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"lips swelled and dark† †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"bloodshot eyes† This aren’t ordinary descriptions, she is describing a fearful person she describes it as a â€Å"vampire† going back to Mason attacks in which his wounds were done with teeth. If we focus on their ideas of what Jane might have seen that night, Rochester saying a ghost and Jane the vampire, thy are creatures which you would hear of in horror stories so we have this darkness building up. If we reference with Bram Stoker’s ‘Dracula’, the vampire controlled Harker so that he could accomplish his selfish needs and also he would turn people into vampires by biting them thus painting a fearful image. Jane may be afraid that this vampire might attack her. Jane also calls the image a ‘wraith’ which is a type of ghost of obscure origin. Another way in which Bronte describes the Gothic atmosphere of the book is by using Jane’s surroundings. When left alone with Mason, she describes that there was a â€Å"dullness of horror† meaning there was a sense of danger in the room at the time. Bronte is very descriptive of all the noises such as metal â€Å"grating† in the keyhole, the noise echoes throught the whole room meaning that there is deadly silence within. She describes helping Mason as â€Å"wipe away the trickling gore† meaning of course cleaning all the blood around him but makes it more dramatic to show how brutal his attack was. There is also Juxtaposition as â€Å"at the top rose an ebon crucifix and a dying Christ†, she uses two different themes, that of death and the Christ meaning that this portion of the house is protected from all evil doing. She uses metonyms to show Jane’s feelings when outside. When explaining her dream the environment is described as â€Å"no glimpse of the blue sky† and she â€Å"was following the windings of a unknown road†. This symbolises that she is troubled even in her sleep by what she has seen in the house. We no longer see the idea that when you are at rest you are free of worries, now even when she is at rest she is still troubled. Outcome of what the strange events in the house have done to her. Thornfield itself is a Gothic environment. Everything bad happens in there, attacks, injuries, inexplicable events, etc. Rochester even says â€Å"That house is a mere dungeon† because everything terrible which has happened, ultimately we know that his mad wife is inside which is what is destroying him the most. He wants to go outside, now if we pay close attention outside is where everything good happens, it is where they meet, where they propose to each other, etc. We can say that this man feels trapped inside Thornfield, that he is surrounded by darkness and wants light. Again we have this theme of light vs. darkness. In my opinion the most important element a book must have to be considered Goth is that of Omens. Sign which can foretell the future whether it’s good or bad. The first Omen we receive is after Rochester and Jane meet in the field. Earlier I mentioned that this was a ‘fairytale’ meeting and Jane admits that â€Å"it was an accident of no moment, no romance, no interest in sense; yet it marked with a change one hour of a monotonous life†. They were supposed to meet, she was supposed to fall in love at first sight and they marry each other. The weather is another Omen of what is to happen to both of them. â€Å"The wind fell, for a second, round Thornfield: but far away†¦ melancholy wail: it was sad to listen to, and I ran off again† The weather is showing that someone will move far away and yet return. There is also the Omen of the chestnut tree which â€Å"faced the wreck†¦it stood up, black and riven: the trunk split down the centre†¦the firm base and strong roots kept them† although it doesn’t seem as if it’s going to happen, the marriage of Jane and Rochester will fall apart (the trunk split in two) but their relationship will still remain strong and wont separate (the strong roots lifting the tree). The chestnut tree is familiar to the wedding veil omen in which Jane witnesses Rochester’s wife tearing up her veil meaning that the marriage will not go well, though I have another understanding of the Omen because I believe that this Omen also shows the death of Rochester’s wife. Since they are married, by the veil being broken means that the marriage between Rochester and his deceased wife will eventually end in a tragic way because the wedding veil was also â€Å"trampled†. One of the most important omens is that of the fire i n Rochester’s bed. This symbolizes his downfall, bad things are going to happen to him, and it can even mean death itself. In the future Rochester does have a downfall. Thornfield hall burns down and he is partially blinded. Ironically, is first wife dies in the fire, since she is the one that tried to burn Rochester in hi bed. The Omens don’t just represent what will happen to Jane and Rochester, there are also omen of what will happen to Thornfield Hall. Outside Thornfield is described as â€Å"one mass of shadow† meaning that soon it will be a shadow of the past, Thornfield will be destroyed. There are many attributes in Jane Eyre which can make the book be considered a Gothic novel. We can clearly see many of the elements such as a dominant male/anti-hero (Rochester), a damsel in distress (Jane), a mystery behind the household (laughing at night, Grace Poole), setting in a castle, Omen or visions of death (such as Rochester ebign se on fire or the wedding veil), reference to ghosts (Mr Reed, wraith) and the vocabulary used (â€Å"Grated† echoing sound of metal). Nevertheless I find it hard to believe that there is an ancient prophecy since everything believed such as Mr Reed’s ghost rising from the dead is just pure superstition. There is no doubt that the primary focus of Jane Eyre is to be a traditional romantic novel but the Gothic elements are used for various reasons. Bronte wanted rights for woman and by using the image of a tyrannical male who just underestimates women and tried to defy the law of marriage by being married twice, men would realize how to change their behaviour. I think this book has enough elements and chapters to be conside red a Gothic text.

Lord Of The Flies Essays (1171 words) - English-language Films

Lord Of The Flies The Shattering of Reason within a Society William Golding in his novel Lord of the Flies symbolically describes the degeneration of a civilized society in three stages. Embedded within this story of a group of young boys struggling to survive alone on a deserted island are insights to the capacity of evil within the human soul and how it can completely destroy society. After a plane crash that results in their inhabitation of the island, the boys establish a democratic society that thrives on order, necessity, and unity. Slowly, however, the peaceful society that they create shatters through a path of hatred, disrespect, murder, and the release of the true human soul. Upon a desolate tropical island, the lost boys begin to organize themselves to gain a sense of stability, order, and brotherhood. They elect Ralph, the oldest boy at twelve years of age, as leader and use a conch found in the lagoon as a symbol of democracy and respect. Two other children, Jack, the head of a choir group, and Simon, a small but intellectual boy, accompany Ralph on an expedition to determine whether the land is truly an island. They find that it is indeed true, and compose a plan to light a fire on the beach to create smoke; their only hope of rescue. After they obtain the glasses of an intelligent and rather fat child called Piggy, they make a fire using the sunlight and glass lenses. However, the fire spreads to the forest quickly and destroys the group's supply of firewood. The boys shrug this off as an accident and Ralph and Simon commence work on shelters. They begin to build a society that contains rules and government. 'I agree with Ralph,' states Jack. 'We've got to have rules and obey them. After all, we're not savages' (40). The boys establish bonds of friendship and work together to help one another, but soon forget what is truly most important to their survival ? civilized living. One morning, Ralph sees a ship on the horizon and realizes that the new fire they had built is no longer burning because of the negligence of the boys assigned to be watching it. He is furious, yet Jack and his choir group ignore Ralph's complaints and begin hunting for a wild pig, setting out with dreams of chase, glory, and slayings. The difference between common sense and minds influenced and dulled by eagerness grasps the majority of the boys and begins to disintegrate the peace within their society. Ralph talks to the boys about their carelessness and how it is detrimental to the entire island. Their respect for one another is wearing away slowly. They looked at each other baffled, in love and hate. All the warm salt water of the bathing pool and the shouting and splashing and laughing were only just sufficient enough to bring them together again (50). The true problem, however, is the beast. A small child sees a beastie on the mountain and the entire group begins to talk about the subject with fear and intent of killing it, whatever it may be. After the fire is rekindled by Ralph's orders, Sam and Eric, two young twins, are on duty watching and they spot a lumpy figure huddled on the forest floor several yards away. They run to the camp and tell the others about what they have seen. Jack, Ralph, and Roger decide to climb the mountain and search for the creature. They see the figure also and are able to make out its head, eyes, and teeth, and becoming frightened, run away. Once they return to the shelters, Jack calls a meeting to discuss the beast. In the meeting, Ralph takes control over the discussion and Jack becomes angry and yells about Ralph being chief. He calls an election for a new leader, yet Ralph wins again, and because of this, Jack storms off down the beach yelling that he can live on his own. Shortly after this, Piggy and Ralph discover that they cannot find several boys in their camp. They realize that they have gone to live with Jack and that life on the island will never be the same again. Simon climbs to the top of the mountain, and finds the beast, but examines it

Gourds and Their Uses essays

Gourds and Their Uses essays Gourds have been useful to civilization for years. The gourd, a family member of squash, cucumbers and pumpkins, have been used for centuries even including B.C.. Natives found the gourd most useful for ritual, and everyday uses. There are many different kinds of gourds that have been used for different purposes, and many different places where wild gourds can be found. Just the color of a gourd can determine the power it has in a religious purpose, and the shape also can determine what purposes the gourd will serve. A gourd, also called a Cucurbitaceae because of its family, is most popular for the use of everyday uses. For example, gourds have been used for storage, canteens, utensils, and even ornaments. When the gourd is painted, waxed, and carved it is known as the sacred or sprit keeper, according to ancient beliefs. In the past when gourds where first founded in the wild, the Woodlands Indian Nations used gourds for daily routines. Later into the years, the early settlers discovered the true value of gourds such as using them for Used as floats by the Africans, gourds have helped people from traveling to surviving. When used as utensils, the gourd would be cut precisely with a arrangement of sharp tips at the end to stab the item they were trying to kill or eat. The tips were usually jagged, because the supplies these people had to cut the gourd were insufficient. The thinner the gourd, the easier the shell is to break while carving. On the other hand, the thicker the gourd, the harder it is to carve, which also causes breaking. Gourds have also been used for spiritual reasons. The common name for these gourds are called Spirit Herd Gourds, and are carved and painted with the symbols of sacred horses. Inspired by the Cherokee heritage, these gourds represent their guardians and ancient spirits. When black horses are painted on the gourd, this represents the ...

Reflect on the assessment process you use in your own teaching, Essay

Reflect on the assessment process you use in your own teaching, explain using approprite assessment terminology and theories - Essay Example There are about 30-35 adult learners from a mixed diverse group. This group is quite interactive although some have been out of education for a very long time. They require simple and clear explanation. There is a mixture of male and female. During the session learner may require explanation repeatedly. They are quite responsive and have to keep them focus to the lesson. I will also focus on applying learning theories to encourage learners and promote their understanding by modelling and reinforcement of existing knowledge that they have. This session relate to the module by having an understanding of my role and responsibilities as a lecturer. It gives an opportunity to apply learning theories to enhance teaching and learning. It is also related in terms of my lesson planning; structuring my session by recognising learner’s needs and apply relevant learning theories to promote learner’s understanding and learning through observation and modelling. To introduce the four models of working in Partnership in Health and Social Care. Make learners understand the relationships and significance between the four models of working in partnership. Ensure learners understand local strategic partnership and local area agreement. Delivery of lecture and explanation, assessing their knowledge through formal assessment, question and answers and group discussion. With my group of learners I make sure my power point presentation is very clear, ask questions throughout the lecture, group discussion in order to keep them interactive, get all learners involve and concentrate. I will use examples in order to make them reflect on their practice and previous lecture. I also give them more explanation and definition of key words used in the text. This is because some of my learners are non native speakers. I will build learner’s confidence by praising them and encourage them to interact in class activities. I will also

The female form superimposed onto a natural landscape can be seen as a Essay

The female form superimposed onto a natural landscape can be seen as a naturally beautiful,without connotations of sexism or sexual agenda - Essay Example As infants we all unconditionally love our mothers, we are tended by her hands, suckle on her bosom and kissed by her. The comeliness of women- her curves and shape are features that are characteristic of Nature as well. Across eastern cultures, the features of a woman have been compared to instances of Nature. In fact, Nature in itself is considered feminine because of being beautiful and hence, we can see that beauty and woman are synonymous to each other. To portray the real divine beauty of women, it was considered essential by artists to depict them raw and unclad i.e. naked. It is a movement since ancient times which is rampant even till this date. A classic example of a nude painting is Picasso’s Demoiselles d’Avignon.1 In Picasso’s favorite cubist form, the painting shows a group of nude women where the shapes of the women are taken from multiple perspectives all conjoined together at once, providing a menagerie of angles to look from and admire the beauty of a woman. Through my paintings I have tried to bring both the beautiful creations together i.e. Woman and Nature. The portrayal of the nude female form in a natural landscape is beautiful many times over. In a world such as we live in today, sadly, nudity and sexuality have attained similar connotations. Deluged by ad-campaigns, movie clichà ©s and other forms of media, we believe that nudity is important for sex appeal. What shocks me is that women itself are blinkered and misled, tending to believe that nudity is a prerequisite for being attractive. Through my paintings, I have tried to depict the original concept of beauty which has permeated the world since ancient times and has inspired mankind to arts and culture. Like any other person, I am intrigued by both Women and Nature and through my paintings I have tried to elucidate myself and others of the real essence of pulchritudinous and have violated the current concept of the sexual imagery of a naked woman.

The National Curriculum In Primary Schools

The National Curriculum In Primary Schools The aim of this assignment is to discuss the trends policy that took place in primary education from 1988 and 1997. The assignment will start with examining the rationale behind the changes introduced in those years. Then it will look at the changes themselves. The last section will talk about the advantages and disadvantages of those changes. It should be mentioned from the outset that I will not be mentioning reforms related to secondary and higher education, even though they came at the same time as the Primary schools. The term educational provision refers to the use of the equipment or tools with the intention of providing knowledge and skills, and includes things such as such as, classroom, textbook, chairs, pens/pencils and many more for students. Education is about the process of learning where knowledge, skills and information is transmitted. Yero (2002) believes that education is a procedure of improving the students or pupils knowledge, skills and character. So education can help to reduce inequality in society. In the United Kingdom, this concept of eliminating inequality was at the base of changes in education policy. Prior to 1988, education in the United Kingdom was completely different. The decision of the curriculum contents was in the hands of schools, with religious education being the only subject which was compulsory. This means that pupils had different attainment levels due to following different programmes. Education was ruled by the 1944 Education Act which handed the administration of schools and the formulation of school policies to local authorities; the only exception being Section 1 where control and direction of education were given to the Secretary of State. In fact, in the 1944 Education Act, the role of the Department of Education and Science was simply promotional and not one of giving direction, which means they could not supervise local authorities policies. This Act also fixed the age of leaving school at 15 and instituted free secondary education for all pupils. However it was noticed that the standard attained in basic skills by the UK population was low and poor compared to other European countries, and this could not satisfy the country national economic needs (Department of Education, 2011). To solve the problem raised by the falling standard, the Conservative Government came with the 1988 Education Act, sometimes referred to as the Kennet Baker reform which instituted a standardisation of all school programmes, and brought four main changes with a view to bringing back the level (Young, 2008). The first change was the introduction of the National Curriculum, which defines four Key Stages, moving from Key Stage 1 to Key Stage 4. In primary schools, two Key Stages, 1 and 2 were identified: Key Stage 1 for Year 1 and 2 up to age 7; Key Stage 2 for Years 3 to 6, meaning age 7 to age 11. Later on, a Foundation Stage which concerns children aged 3 up to reception year was introduced. The National Curriculum came with a new terminology related to two types of school subjects, core subjects and Foundation subjects. In Primary schools, that is Key Stage 1 and Key Stage 2, the curriculum consists of the following subjects: English, Maths, science, information and communication technology (ICT), history, geography, art and design, music, design and technology (DT) and Physical Education. This was supplemented by the literacy and numeracy reforms in the 1990s taught everyday to improve children standard in those skills. Another change in the curriculum was the introduction foreign languages for children aged 7. This curriculum was later reconsidered for improvement. One advantage of National Curriculum is that all children in England and Wales have the same education programmes, and this makes comparison of levels easier and the transfer of children from one school to another is made easy. Actually the national Curriculum contains all the topics to be taught, in terms of knowledge, skills and expectations at the end of each key stage; it also determines how assessment has to proceed. The second change had to do with assessment of pupils. Here national standard tests such as SATs at age 11 (Standard Assessment tasks, and later Standard Attainment Tasks) were put in place, not only to assess whether they are up to the national standard expected, but also to put strategies in place to ensure improvement in those children learning. This led to the National Curriculum Council (NCC) as an advisory service to the secretary of State in matters related to the curriculum, and the School Examinations and Assessment Council (SEAC) in charge of assessments. The third change affected the administration of schools. As mentioned above, prior to 1988, Education administration was handled by local authorities. In London, for example it was in the hands of the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA), which was created in 1965, while outer London schools were directed by county councils and borough councils. The Education Reform Act of 1988 gave power to schools to opt out of local authority control and be funded by central government, so that schools could manage their own finances. The Local management of Schools meant that the role of head teachers included budget management as well (Powell and Edwards, 2003). This was the beginning of Grant maintained schools, which were later replaced by foundation schools. This led to the abolition of the Local Education Authority. The forth change concerned the creation of a league table where people could go and compare the performance of different schools. It was hoped that such a table would push schools to compete, and therefore provide better education to children. In 1993, another education act came into place. It aimed at increasing the number of Grant Maintained Schools; it replaced the NCC and SEAC with School Curriculum and Assessment Authority so that the curriculum content could be controlled by the government; more power was given to headteacher in their exclusion decisions of unruly pupils; changes were introduced for pupils with special educational needs; and the establishment of referral units. An inspection body called Ofsted came into existence to inspect schools in LEAS. Finally the SCAA and NCVQ formed the QCA. In 1997, the Labour Government introduced another reform. The Government introduced specialist schools such as Business, Sport schools so as to diversify education and the types of schools. So doing parents could have a variety of choices to make for their children. Failing schools were reopened under academies administered by churches or businesses. In deprived areas, the Government created Education Action zone in order to help improve education standard in those areas. Parents were given power and a voice to decide on the choice of schools for their children; they were given power to be represented in the school governing body. Further, a system of exam league table was introduced where parents could easily spot schools that are doing well, and those falling behind. Be it as it may, parents had the duty to ensure that their children attend schools. School funding was linked to the number of pupils a school had in its roll. The implication was that schools had to compete to improve their performance so as to attract parents and their children, and thus good funding as well. This is termed the market reform introduced by Conservative governments in the 1980s and 1990s, where schools were seen as a service and the parents and children as the clients. As a matter fact, education should provide valued forms of knowledge and equip children for life (James and Pollard, 2012) In the 1997 White Paper, Excellence in Schools, the rights of parents to information were extended including sending them the child progress annual report, their part in the inspection process, annual meeting, allowing them to have access to the childs school record. Schools were further obliged to publish an annual report about their management and a prospectus. Teachers were also given power to restrain pupils By so, doing the government, say the Department of Education gained new power, because they are in charge of the school curriculum, not the local authorities any more, the types of tests to administer to pupils, the types of qualifications to be awarded, the funding to give to schools, the nomination of members of the National Curriculum Council to plan the curriculum. The approval of schools that want to opt out, the change of school status is given by the State Secretary, even though the involvement of parents should be sought for. He has the administration of grants. The role of head teachers also changed as they became budget managers as well. The question one might ask at this point is to know whether those reforms were successful. Two views can be expressed here. On the one hand, the introduction of the national Curriculum should be appreciated, because it helps to have children expected to have the same knowledge and skills. The tests would help schools to work hard to improve their results, and research has revealed that more people are now going to university. The league table gives a better view to parents as to which school is doing better, so make an informed choice of schools for their children. On the other hand, it would appear that testing is not good enough to assess the performance of schools, and learning should not be limited to passing tests. With the league table, teaching has turned into preparing pupils to pass exams, and not a preparation for life. The league table has also been criticised as it ignores some areas such as Art and sport. Further, the league tables make some schools more popular than oth ers, and this raises difficulties for some parents to get a school of their choice for their children. Ball (2006) examined the concepts of markets in the context of education only to find that more needs to be discussed, and that such concepts as competition, supply and demand, producer and consumer behaviour, privatisation and commodification, values and ethics and distributional outcomes should be addresses as there is a paucity of research in this field. In Primary schools, teachers complained of the increased workload imposed by the National Curriculum, especially at the end of Key Stage 2 with the preparation of SATs, and this lead to Dearing Report which brought the load down by 20% (Alexander, 2012). The system of inspection also came into fire by various teachers unions who find the Ofsted as a problem, not a solution. Another problem concerned the introduction of foreign language teaching at age 7. This raised problems in a country such as the United kingdom where secondary schools teach various languages, French, German, Spanish. So a child could learn one language in primary school and have a different language in secondary schools. This means there will be no continuity as noted by the Guardian (2012). The structure of Key Stage 2 has also been criticized as it takes four years which the Framework for the National Curriculum found too long (DE, 2011). To conclude, it can be said that there have been one main Education reform Act, the 1988, and many education acts from 1988 to 1997. The changes in educational policies in those reforms can be regrouped in three categories: changes to do with centralisation, as education moved from local authorities to the government with the introduction of the National Curriculum; assessment by outcomes with the use of national assessment and the establishment of league-tables to compare the performance of different schools, and the quasi-market reform where schools are the manufacturers and children and their parents as consumers who have choices to make between different schools. In primary schools, the reforms could be noticed with the introduction of Key Stages 1 and 2, the national Curriculum with Maths, English and science as core subjects, while others were considered as foundations and religious study as statutory, the introduction of SATs and the literacy and numeracy strategies.